Unemployment research Essay Example for Free

Joblessness research Essay Joblessness From Wikipedia, the free reference book Unemployment (or Joblessness), as characterized by the International Labor Organization, happens when individuals are without Jobs and they include effectively looked for work inside the previous a month. [2] The joblessness rate is a proportion of the pervasiveness of joblessness and it is determined as a rate by isolating the quantity of jobless people by all people as of now in the work power. In a 2011 report, BusinessWeek detailed, More than 200 million individuals universally are jobless, a record high, as very nearly 66% of cutting edge economies and half of eveloping nations are encountering a log jam in work development, the gathering There stays extensive hypothetical discussion with respect to the causes, results and answers for joblessness. Old style financial matters, neoclassical financial aspects and the Austrian School of financial aspects contend that advertise components are solid methods for settling joblessness. reference needed] These speculations contend against mediations forced on the work showcase all things considered, for example, unionization, the lowest pay permitted by law laws, charges, and different guidelines that they guarantee demoralize the employing of laborers. Keynesian financial aspects underlines the recurrent ature of joblessness and suggests mediations it cases will lessen joblessness during downturns. This hypothesis centers around intermittent flexibly stuns that unexpectedly decrease total interest for products and enterprises and hence diminish interest for laborers. Keynesian models prescribe government intercessions intended to expand interest for laborers; these can incorporate money related upgrades, freely subsidized Job creation, and expansionist fiscal approaches. Georgists, 50 years before Keynes, additionally noticed the repeating nature however centered around the job of hypothesis in land which pushes up financial lease. Since lease must be paid for the most part from compensation (yield of work) yet additionally from intrigue (yield of capital), monetary movement can't be continued in the lease bubble, which at last burst bringing about downturns or miseries. When the hypothesis is wrung out of framework the pattern of land theory starts once more. [4] Henry George along these lines pushed the tax assessment from land esteems (Single Tax) to stop land theory and so as to dispose of tax collection from work and capital. George restricted land nationalization and Marxs hypotheses. Marxism centers around the relations between the proprietors and the laborers, whom, it asserts, the wners set in opposition to each other in a steady battle for Jobs and higher wages. The joblessness created by this battle is said to profit the framework by lessening wage costs for the proprietors. For Marxists the reasons for and answers for joblessness require canceling free enterprise and moving to communism or socialism. Notwithstanding these three far reaching hypotheses of joblessness, there are a couple of orders of joblessness that are utilized to all the more absolutely model the impacts of joblessness inside the financial framework. The primary sorts of joblessness incorporate basic joblessness which centers around basic issues in the conomy and wasteful aspects natural in labor markets including a confound between the flexibly and request ot workers witn important ranges of abilities . Auxiliary contentions accentuate causes and arrangements identified with troublesome advancements and globalization. Conversations of frictional joblessness center around intentional choices to work dependent on every people valuation of their own work and how that analyzes to current compensation rates in addition to the time and exertion required to get a new Line of work. Causes and answers for frictional joblessness regularly address obstructions to passage and pay rates. Social financial specialists feature singular predispositions in dynamic and regularly nvolve issues and arrangements concerning clingy wages and productivity compensation.

The impact of medical issues in psychaitric patients Research Proposal

The effect of clinical issues in psychaitric patients - Research Proposal Example High level of crisis division cases by mental patients demonstrates a more elevated level helplessness of the patients to basic wellbeing conditions. The populace is further defenseless against physical ailments that that prompt higher death rate than in ordinary individuals and the insights propose that preventive and treatment measures against physical diseases among mental patients need. An issue in this way exist for recognizable proof of a reasonable measure that can help in shielding the populace from physical diseases, with the point of diminishing the quantity of mental patients who are conceded for crisis care and decreasing the death pace of the populace portion (Hert, et. al. 52, 53). The proof based practice issue focuses on adequacy of an exceptionally organized treatment unit in shielding mental patients from ailments and in treating the patients in the event of event of physical illnesses. While mental patients structure a noteworthy level of patients in crisis care units, attendants and doctors in the units needs skill for managing the patients’ conditions. Despite the fact that the staff may have sufficient nursing aptitudes, the patients require extra skill that can conquer disgrace and dread to offer acceptable consideration to the patients. Crisis Nurses Association clarifies that estimates, for example, better course of action of care space along with accessibility of mental medical attendant and more extensive preparing can help improve nature of care to the patients (Emergency Nurses Aassociation 3, 4). The insights are predictable with reports that the populace records higher death rates and recommends that better consideration activities can resolve the issue (Hert, et. al. 52, 53). A â€Å"highly organized treatment environment† for treatment of mental patients is the suggested mediation (Bos, et. al. 528). Research on impacts of, for example, severe condition, for mental patients who neglect to

Balancing Athletics and Academics

Balancing Athletics and Academics As a student, I am constantly reminded about how important it is to stay on top of my classes; dont miss classes, do homework right away, study for tests in advance. As an athlete, I am constantly reminded the importance of focusing on being the best I can be in practice or a meet and keeping my head in the game. As a student athlete attending University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, I am constantly reminded that being a participant of one is not an excuse to let the other fall short. Though it is only my fourth week of school, I can testify to how easy it is to be successful in classes even while being on a sport. I am on the womens track and field team, and we are required at least 10 hours of mandatory study hall every week in a designated building. Now upon hearing this, I was low-key upset. Why do I have to leave the comfort of my dorm just to sit in some room for hours? Why cant they just trust me to study on my own? I quickly found the answer to my own question. After my morning classes, I would head back to my room and fall asleep until my alarm went off for practice. I had no motivation to do my homework, except the motivation that I wouldnt be able to participate in track if I hadnt done 10 hours! So I found myself grudgingly trekking to the Irwin Academic Center to study. When I got there, usually after practice (and a shower), I decided I would stay until the building closed so I could cheat the system and knock out all the hours faster. The reality though, was that I ended up using all that time: to finish the chemistry post-lab that I have been putting off. Then I would knock off that speech I had to write, then watch the online lecture from my kinesiology class. The mandatory study hours were working! In my classes, I am always prepared because I had time cut out for me specifically for that reason. Not only are athletes provided a  time and place to study, but we also get free tutoring. There are also the resources that all students get, like access to professors or TAs during office hours. So if you are planning to be a Fighting Illini, there is no need to worry about grades slipping (as long as you use the resources so generously provided), so fight on! Chisom Class of 2020 I'm a Kinesiology major in the College of Applied Health Sciences. I'm a first-generation American; my twin and I were born in Oak Park, Illinois. The rest of my siblings were born in Nigeria. I'm a pole vaulter and sprinter on the Illini track team.

Social Oppression of Women Theme in Trifles - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 374 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Trifles Essay Did you like this example? What are the trifles that the men ignore but the women notice? Author shows us stereotypical men whose words and actions shows us they egotistical, thoughtless, self-important, and condescending personalities. And kind and carrying women that have strong sense of female intuition. One of those trifles we can see when Hale states that John Wright never cared what his wife wanted to county attorney. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Social Oppression of Women Theme in Trifles" essay for you Create order He stopped Hale because he did not find that to be significant to the crime. Where women in the different seen talk to each other and Mrs. Hale says to Mrs. Peterson that John Wright was a difficult man to live with, she tells her that Mrs. Wright use to be social beautiful soul who loved to sing and after marrying her husband she gets locked up in the cage that she can not get out of. Mrs. Hale even feel guilty for not coming and checking on her long-lost friend Minnie Wright. Both women feel pain and broking emotions of Mrs. Wright and see significant signs for a murder motive. Then we see how county attorney goes thru the kitchen finds a dirty towel and messy dishes and assumes right away that Mrs. Wright was just a dirty housekeeper. Where two women notice that kitchen is not dirty it is in the middle of being cleaned up. Table is half cleaned, Mrs. Wright was trying to bake some bread, and the towel is not dirty is just guy who came to fire the stove cleaned his hands with it. T hat is just few trifles that men ignore but women notice. In the play Trifles we see difference of men and women way of thinking. The things that men consider insignificant women find very interesting. The play Trifles has been written in the early twentys century when male dominated society still limited women opportunities. Men was a King and women was his dependent. In my opinion authors point here is that the women are very strong, smart and way tougher than any men, when they want and need to be. That nothing can brake us, and if the women will come together, they can protect one another; they can stay strong and empower each other in the time of need.

The Use Of Private Prisons For Federal Inmates - 1604 Words

U.S. to Phase Out Use of Private Prisons for Federal Inmates. This was an article title created by Charlie Savage, a Pulitzer Prize winner and correspondent for the New York Times in Washington on August 18, 2016. Savage wrote how the Obama administration would begin to phase out the use of private run prisons to hold inmates. This was ultimately due to the research done on the quality of life for inmates, the safety of inmates and prison employees, and the security of private run prisons. In the article Sally Q. Yates, the deputy attorney general said in less words that private run prisons do not save substantially on costs. First what is a private prison? A private prison is a prison or jail that incarcerates individuals and is run by a†¦show more content†¦In order to compare the cost of both public and private prisons, it is important to include capital costs of the prison facility and monitoring costs for the state agency that oversees the contract with the prison. In a ddition, one must account for differences in required security levels and inmate needs, which affect the expense of running a prison. Private companies are not required to release many details of their operations, including details on the cost of the services they provide, which limits the ability to make comparisons. The Government Accountability Office has concluded multiple times that the data is not sufficient to definitively claim that either type of prison is more cost-effective. One particular challenge in comparing costs is the difference in inmate characteristics across prisons. The state of Arizona found that their minimum-security public and private prisons cost virtually the same amount per prisoner after adjusting for the medical costs incurred by public prisons whose inmates were in poorer health. By contrast, a separate Temple University study widely cited by private prison companies found savings of approximately 14 percent for Arizona minimum-security private prison s after valuing the depreciation of the older public facilities more heavily and including underfunded pensions for the public correctional officers. However, an internalShow MoreRelatedCorrectional Facilities And The Correctional Facility1645 Words   |  7 Pagesrelease programs through the industry. Correctional facilities are subject to state and federal laws. The U.S constitution promises certain minimum standards of living for the people incarcerated in the correctional facilities. Inhumane and abusive condition at a correctional facility may be claimed to violate a prisoner’s rights against cruel and unusual punishment. Industry Overview State and federal criminal justice systems most commonly known as correctional facilities are a network ofRead MorePrivate Prisons Are Becoming A Cash Cow For A Lot Of Mega Corporations For Big Business1035 Words   |  5 PagesPrivate prisons are becoming a cash cow for a lot of Mega Corporations for big business. At one time in American penal system operated at dangerous criminal needed to be put under lock and key in order to protect society. Now and days many of our states are trying to save money so that’s why private prisons have been the answer to a lot of these states. We as a country are moving to that direction because it’s easier on states. With public prisons overcrowded the move for states to privatize prisonsRead MoreThe War On Drugs And The United States871 Words   |  4 Pagesthe uprising of corporate prisons, which are known as for-profit prisons, and private prisons. Private prisons have also lead to States, and federal prisons to become worse when it comes to programs to rehabilitate those who are incarcerated, so that they can function in society as a productive member of it. The conflict between private prisons, and States/federal prisons has worsened prison conditions for both men, and women who are incarcerated. The worsening prison conditions in the UnitedRead MoreWill Work for Room and Board: Prison Labor in America Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican prisoners receive free medical attention, housing, meals, utilities, use of exercise equipment, and laundry services. The cost of these services amount in the billions of dollars a year and government budgets are straining to accommodate these fiscal requirements. â€Å"There’s special urgency in prisons these days,† â€Å"As state budgets get constricted, the public is looking for ways to offset the cost of imprisonment† (Brown). This economic concern requires work programs to aid in the reliefRead MoreCriminal Laws Should Be Organized1513 Words   |  7 Pagescreated fear and anger and the target grew into holding offenders accountable for their conduct and the current Retributive Era came into existence. This model emphasized public safety above all else. Correctional punishments were tough with very little inm ate resources. This was the return to the Classical School of criminality which believed that crime is deterred and prevented by lengthening and toughening punishments. Jeremy Bentham of 1748–1832 theorized that to prevent crime, criminal laws shouldRead MoreThe Cost Of Private Prisons Essay818 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the fact that private prisons typically only house healthy inmates. When cost estimates are adjusted to account for this, the results are surprising: Without adjusting for the increased medical costs imposed on state-run prisons, a 2010 Corrections Department study found that daily per inmate costs were cheaper in private prisons, at $57.97 as opposed to $60.66. However, when adjusting for medical costs, the results flipped with daily per inmate costs cheaper in state-run prisons at $48.42 comparedRead MoreUnited State Prisons : Need Of A Complete Overhaul Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesUnited State prisons are in need of a complete overhaul. Bad things happen to good people and crime is unacceptable in a civilized society. The question I ask you is what do we do with the bad people that do bad things to good people. Do we as a society send them away to be rehabilitated and reintegrated back into society as a good person or do we send them away to be punished and hope that if they ever return to a society that they are good people? The Department of Justice breaks crime reductionsRead MorePrison Development in the U.S. Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States prison system is an important aspect of today’s society. Without the prison system, there would be no place for the law enforcement agencies to detain the criminals that they have apprehended. Now, prisons today are much nicer than the prisons of the past; it all began with the Pennsylvania system. The Pennsylvania system was â€Å"a form of imprisonment developed by the Pennsylvania Quakers around 1790 as an alternative to corporal punishments.† (Schmalleger, 411). This prison that was developedRead MoreThe Relationship Between Private Prison And Private Prisons Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesSynopsis The use of private prison has been a serious issue in the United States. The main issue is the amount of money that private prison companies are consuming. The private prisons are making millions of dollars from housing inmates. Between 1970 and 2005 the U.S. population has grown by 700 percent (Private prison, 2013). This massive increase in the U.S. prison population is far outpacing the population and crime rate. Due to this, America has the biggest prison rate than any other countryRead MorePublic Facilities And Private Prisons1116 Words   |  5 Pages Prison is an institution designed to securely to house inmates who have been convicted of crimes. The United States holds the records for having the largest inmate population residing within the walls of the correctional system. The inflation in correctional spending and the largest prison population have impelled lawmakers and the government to look toward the privatization of prisons. Privatization of prisons is t he use of private sector or corporation in financing, constructing, and

Charles Darwin’s Hypothesis Free Essays

This video is a narrative that clarifies different logical certainties that present major issues for the hypothesis of advancement. This video arrangement pursues a few researchers as they present logical proof that firmly supports the hypothesis of insightful outline. All through the narrative they clarify how the finches of the Galapagos Island, the cell flagellum, the DNA strand, and different subjects demonstrate that the odds of development making this unpredictable universe are about outlandish. We will write a custom essay sample on Charles Darwin’s Hypothesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now To start with, these researchers examine the finches that enlivened Charles Darwin’s hypothesis of development. They altogether clarify how the adjustments of the fowl’s snouts were a consequence of characteristic choice, which could help the general populace’s noses fundamentally change. In any case, characteristic determination has never been in charge of making the advancement from one animal varieties another. These adjustments were maybe realized to better the survival of this types of flying creatures on the island by permitting them better access to the sustenance sources. The way that the establishing father’s own hypothesis that assembled development has been disproven by science should reveal insight into how defective this hypothesis, that is frequently displayed as a logical law, truly is. A second developmental issue exhibited by these researcher, and maybe the most intense, is that of the cell flagellum. Propositions researcher clarify how the flagellum functions much like a typical detachable engine, with the exception of on a minuscule level. Each part to this cell mobilizer is fundamental to the task of the engine. While a few sections that make up the flagellum are found in different territories of the cell and could be barrowed for the flagellar organization, the greater part are totally new to the cell. Per the generally excepted theoretical procedure of advancement, the parts for this fifty or more piece small scale engine would need to independently create over a lot of time. The main issue with this is, as per Darwin’s hypothesis, survival of the fittest implies that these basically futile parts would be killed from the phone by normal determination while sitting tight for alternate pieces to build up that would make the flagellum a working engine. The multifaceted nature of this splendidly composed miniaturized scale engine is an extremely strong contention for the instance of savvy plan. Another issue that these researchers banter in this film is that of the DNA strand. They portray the intricacy of the DNA coding, which is basically its own dialect. The video clarifies the procedure of DNA translating and protein get together by means of consummately collapsed amino corrosive chains. The enormous issue is who outlined this dialect of DNA? The odds of such a mind boggling framework, which is so key the way toward creating and proceeding with life, advancing with no insightful outline is incredible. In the recordings these researchers talk about their very own voyages of abandoning the conviction of development to having confidence in a wise fashioner. They talk about how these issues introduced consolidate to make it somewhat difficult to hold to the conviction of advancement. Understanding the contentions that they clarified in this video has encouraged build up my conviction and thankfulness for the shrewd plan discovered all through our universe. This narrative completes a fantastic activity of showing certainties and the measurable numbers behind these realities, which incredibly helped me understand their importance. In the wake of watching this video, I for one trust that science has over and again supported the view purpose of wise plan. Notwithstanding, our instruction frameworks keep on showing the hypothesis of development as though it were a logical law. As was raised in the video, numerous people may never at any point think to address whether science and development can correspond, for the negligible actuality that it is the thing that they are instructed all through their whole instructive adventure. It is exceptionally uncommon that the logical certainties are reasonably displayed to understudies, and that the understudies are allowed build up their sincere beliefs from these realities. Also, this video made me contemplate and question why more people don’t significantly think about taking a gander at these realities to discover reality for themselves. I inferred that there might be two key reasons this is the situation. The main, being that numerous people today don’t endeavor to discover reality for themselves. Numerous aimlessly pursue what they are instructed by people, that are viewed as canny people, similar to reality. Be that as it may, I think others, for example, these societally esteemed clever sources, simply swing to advancement since it gives them a route around recognizing God as the wise creator for what we see surrounding us consistently. At long last, this video better outfitted me with contentions to shield my confidence utilizing science. There are times when people will provoke me about my confidence in God as the wise maker of the universe. Since I better comprehend the science exhibited all through this narrative, I can challenge these doubters with a contention that depends on logical certainties as opposed to clarifying it in a way that may accentuate my own convictions. How to cite Charles Darwin’s Hypothesis, Papers

Pharmasim free essay sample

Overall we took away two major points: 1) that it is important to consider the product lifecycle in evaluating how to promote businesses and, 2) that the â€Å"Sweet Spot† as a competitive advantage should be the greatest point of consideration when evaluating how to best gain leverage to beat the competition in the minds of consumers. Professor Yang constantly reminded us with every lecture that Marketing is dynamic and encompasses a deeper thought process than generally perceived as it requires constant consideration of infinite variables that affect consumers’ thought processes. The position of Chief Marketing Officer is generally fading across industries however; we find it to be a great necessity. Marketing plans are closely tied to stock prices and â€Å"the bottom line† of costs vs. profits for companies and need a CMO to closely monitor this. The slightest changes in sales tactics could mean immediate growth or likewise, immediate demise of a company. Our Initial Strategy Reviewing the segment, target and position of the company from the case we received, we decided that we would need a few focal points in order to boost our sales. Given the company’s initial competitive position as the brand of over-the-counter relief with the highest brand awareness at 74. 1%, largest market share at 40. 4%, and highest sales of liquid cold medicine at $355 million we agreed that our main focus should be to simply maintain Allround’s position as the leader with full market coverage including all demographics of adults. Allround’s formula was higher than their competitors in alcohol which leads to drowsiness. Some consumers appreciate the sleep aid, while some view it negatively. In order to diversify the product line and accommodate all tastes we wanted to launch a new â€Å"daytime formula† of Allround with lowered alcohol to eliminate drowsiness and leave the original version as a â€Å"nighttime formula†. We knew we would need to allocate a good portion of our expense budget for reports in order to better ascertain what new tactics would be needed each period. Period Zero to One Period One to Two Period Two to Three Period Three to Four Period Four to Five During this Period We decreased the price of our product from$ 5. 5 to$ 5. 29 to be more competitive in compare to our rivals and increased the sales force in chain drugstores and Grocery stores since they were receiving more sales than the other channels. As a result we increased our sales $29 million. Period Five to Six Although the inflation rate was 3. 6% we decide not to make any changes in the price and we kept it as what it was $5. 29. In this period Ethik announced the introduction of End+ which was$ 5. 69 but we still decided to keep our price for Allround+ $4. 99 . The prices of Allround and Allround + should have been increased in correlation to inflation . Our stock price went down from $39. 32 to $35. 14 per share. We purchased sales force, advertising, promotion, channel sales and pricing reports to help us with our decisions in this period. Period Six to Seven In this Period our stock price drastically went down from $35. 14 to$ 25. 61The BCG Matrix which is an analytical tool used to analyze a company product lines (see below) showed that our primary product, Allround, was somewhere between cash cow and dog and our new product, Allround+ was a dog. If we had the chance to redo the Pharmasim simulation we would do the following: 1. First and foremost decided on hard quantitative goals and specifically listed by what percentage we wanted to see our income and stock prices grow. Our goal was to raise the stock price and it was not more specific than that which was a huge mistake. Problems must be outlined with specific expectations and goals in mind in order to tackle them with any game plan. 2. We would take the time to more intensely review Allround’s â€Å"sweet spot† and recognize what leverage we could have gained. We assumed there was no sweet spot that made this commodity stand out drastically from its competitors rather than focus on trying to develop a way to make Allround and Allround+ stand out. 3. We would review all of the available reports each period to help in our decision making. In our team worked too much from our own assumptions about what consumers were thinking as inexperienced Marketing associates for Allround and needed hard statistics, surveys and facts to base our judgments on. We could have benefit greatly from knowing through surveys how consumers were responding to our coupons offered. We blindly spent money on coupons without measuring their effectiveness in boosting sales. 4. We would also better try to understand how to boost Allround, a mature brand, through wiser product placement to remind consumers of its presence and value. We treated every period as though Allround was a new, growing brand and did not focus on how making changes to the shelf space could build dropping sales. 5. We would not have gotten into a price competition with our nearest competitor, Besthelp. We recognized that once we dropped our prices we struggled to pull our profits up, as consumers did not respond well to our volatile pricing that dropped then rose while Besthelp kept their prices more steady in response to inflation. In our growing competition with Besthelp we should not have mimicked their Marketing decisions. In mimicking the competitor BELOW us after seeing their rapid growth, we LOWERED our own results in the process!

A Timeline and History of the Olmec Civilization

A Timeline and History of the Olmec Civilization Olmec: An Introduction The Olmec civilization is the name given to a sophisticated central American culture with its heyday between 1200 and 400 BC. The Olmec heartland lies in the Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco, at the narrow part of Mexico west of the Yucatan peninsula and east of Oaxaca. The following is an introductory guide to the Olmec civilization, its place in Central American prehistory, and some important facts about the people and how they lived. Olmec Timeline Initial Formative: 1775-1500 cal BCEarly Formative: 1450-1005 cal BCMiddle Formative: 1005-400 cal BCLate Formative: 400 cal BC While the very earliest sites of the Olmec show relatively simple egalitarian societies based on hunting and fishing, the Olmecs eventually established a highly complex level of political government, including public building projects such as pyramids and large platform mounds; agriculture; a writing system; and a characteristic sculptural artistry including enormous stone heads with heavy features reminiscent of angry babies. Olmec Capitals There are four main regions or zones that have been associated with Olmec by the use of iconography, architecture and settlement plan, including  San Lorenzo de Tenochtitlan,  La Venta, Tres Zapotes, and Laguna de los Cerros. Within each of these zones, there were three or four different levels of hamlets of different sizes. At the center of the zone was a fairly dense center with plazas and  pyramids  and kingly residences. Outside of the center were a somewhat sparser collection of hamlets and farmsteads, each at least economically and culturally tied to the center. Olmec Kings and Rituals Although we dont know any of the Olmec king names, we do know that the rituals associated with king included an emphasis on the sun and reference to solar equinoxes were built into platform and plaza configurations. Sun glyph iconography is seen on many locations and there is an undeniable importance of  sunflower  in dietary and ritual contexts. The ballgame played an important role in  Olmec culture, as it does in many central American societies, and, like those other societies, it may have included human sacrifice. The colossal heads are often sculpted with headgear, thought to represent ball player wear; animal effigies exist of jaguars dressed as ball players. It is possible that women also played in the games, as there are figurines from  La Venta  which are females wearing helmets. Olmec Landscape The Olmec farms and hamlets and centers were situated on and next to a diverse set of landforms, including floodplain lowlands, coastal plains, plateau uplands, and volcanic highlands. But the large Olmec capitals were based on high places in the  floodplains  of big rivers such as Coatzacoalcos and Tabasco. The Olmec coped with recurring floods by building their residences and storage structures on artificially raised earth platforms, or by rebuilding on old sites, creating tell formations. Many of the earliest Olmec sites are likely buried deep within the floodplains. The Olmec were clearly interested in color and color schemes of the environment. For example, the plaza at  La Venta  has a striking appearance of brown soil embedded with tiny bits of shattered greenstone. And there are several blue-green serpentine mosaic pavements tiled with clays and sands in a rainbow of different colors. A common sacrificial object was a jadeite offering covered with red  cinnabar. Olmec Diet and Subsistence By 5000 BC, the Olmec relied on  domestic maize,  sunflower, and manioc, later domesticating  beans. They also gathered corozo palm nuts, squash, and  chili. There is some possibility that the Olmec were the first to use  chocolate. The main source of animal protein was domesticated  dog  but that was supplemented with white-tailed deer, migratory birds, fish, turtles, and coastal shellfish. White tailed-deer, in particular, was specifically associated with ritual feasting. Sacred places:  Caves (Juxtlahuaca and Oxtotitln), springs, and mountains. Sites: El Manati, Takalik Abaj, Pijijiapan. Human Sacrifice:  Children and infants at  El Manati; human remains under monuments at  San Lorenzo;  La Venta  has an altar showing an eagle-clad king holding a captive. Bloodletting, ritual cutting of part of the body to allow bleeding for sacrifice, was probably also practiced. Colossal Heads:  Appear to be portraits of male (and possibly female) Olmec rulers. Sometimes wear helmets indicating that they are ballplayers, figurines, and sculpture from  La Venta  show that women wore helmet headgear, and some of the heads may represent women. A relief at the Pijijiapan as well as  La Venta  Stela 5 and La Venta Offering 4 show women standing next to men rulers, perhaps as partners. Olmec Trade, Exchange, and Communications Exchange:  Exotic materials were brought in or traded from far places to  the Olmec  zones, including literally tons of volcanic basalt to  San Lorenzo  from the Tuxtla mountains, 60 km away, which was carved into royal sculptures and  manos  and metates, natural basalt columns from Roca Partida. Greenstone (jadeite, serpentine, schist, gneiss, green quartz), played a clearly important role in elite contexts at Olmec sites. Some sources for these materials are the gulf coastal region in Motagua Valley, Guatemala, 1000 km away from the Olmec heartland. These materials were carved into beads and animal effigies. Obsidian  was brought in from Puebla, 300 km from  San Lorenzo. And also, Pachuca green obsidian from central Mexico Writing:  The earliest Olmec writing began with glyphs representing calendrical events, and eventually evolved into logographs, line drawings for single ideas. The earliest proto-glyph so far is an Early Formative greenstone carving of a footprint from El Manati. The same sign shows up on a Middle Formative monument 13 at  La Venta  next to a striding figure. The  Cascajal block  shows many early glyph forms. The Olmec designed a printing press of sorts, a roller stamp or cylinder seal, which could be inked and rolled onto human skin, paper, or cloth. Calendar:  260 days, 13 numbers and 20 named days. Olmec Sites La Venta,  Tres Zapotes,  San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Tenango del Valle,  San Lorenzo, Laguna de los Cerros,  Puerto Escondido, San Andres, Tlatilco, El Manati, Juxtlahuaca Cave, Oxtotitln Cave, Takalik Abaj, Pijijiapan, Tenochtitlan, Potrero Nuevo, Loma del Zapote,  El Remolino  and Paso los Ortices, El Manatà ­, Teopantecuanitln, Rà ­o Pesquero, Takalik Abaj Olmec Civilization Issues The Olmec Civilization is at the center of the  mother-sister controversy, which is a debate concerning the relative strength of the Olmec society compared to other early Mesoamerican cultures.The  Cascajal Block, a large block found in a quarry that may be among the earliest written records in central America, andThe search for  bitumen  sources, which was an important resource to many archaeological societies in central America. Olmec bloodletting spoons  have a new explanation these daysWas  chocolate  first used and domesticated by the Olmec? Sources Blomster JP, Neff H, and Glascock, MD. 2005 Olmec Pottery Production and Export in Ancient Mexico Determined Through Elemental Analysis.  Science  307:1068-1072.Diehl RA. 2005 Patterns of Cultural Primacy.  Science  307:1055-1056.Flannery KV, Balkansky AK, Feinman GM, Grove DC, Marcus J, Redmond EM, Reynolds RG, Sharer RJ, Spencer CS, and Yaeger J. 2005. Implications of new petrographic analysis for the Olmec ‘‘mother culture’’ model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(32):11219-11223.Follensbee BJA. 2008. Fiber technology and weaving in formative-period Gulf Coast cultures. Ancient Mesoamerica 19:87–110.Henderson JS, Joyce RA, Hall GR, Hurst WJ, and McGovern PE. 2007. Chemical and archaeological evidence for the earliest cacao beverages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(48):18937-18940.  Joyce RA, and Henderson JS. 2007. From feasting to cuisine: Implications of archaeological research in an early Hondura n village. American Anthropologist 109(4):642–653. Joyce RA, and Henderson JS. 2010. Being Olmec in Early Formative Period Honduras. Ancient Mesoamerica 21(1):187-200.Kaufman T, and Justeson J. 2007. Writing the history of the word for cacao in ancient Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica 18:193-237.Pohl MD, and von Nagy C. 2008. The Olmec and their contemporaries. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 217-230.Rodrà ­guez Martà ­nez MdC, Ortà ­z Ceballos P, Coe MD, Diehl RA, Houston SD, Taube KA, and Alfredo DC. 2006. Oldest Writing in the New World. Science 313:1610-1614.  Sharer RJ, Balkansky AK, Burton JH, Feinman GM, Flannery KV, Grove DC, Marcus J, Moyle RG, Price TD, Redmond EM et al. 2006. On The Logic Of Archaeological Inference: Early Formative Pottery And The Evolution Of Mesoamerican Societies. Latin American Antiquity 17(1):90-103.Wendt CJ, and Cyphers A. 2008. How the Olmec used bitumen in ancient Mesoamerica. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27(2):175-191.Wendt CJ, and Lu S -T. 2006. Sourcing archaeological bitumen in the Olmec region. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(1):89-97.

Effect of Environment on Phenotype Essays

Effect of Environment on Phenotype Essays Effect of Environment on Phenotype Paper Effect of Environment on Phenotype Paper To investigate the effect of one environmental factor on the phenotype of pea plants Background Information: Pea seeds are available with identical genetic information for height tall or dwarf peas. These seeds can be used to demonstrate the effect of the environment on the final height of the pea plants. Tall or dwarf peas can be grown in identical conditions where all variables are kept constant apart from one environmental factor. Any differences in the height of the pea plants will be due to the environmental factor and not the genes. Risks Assessment: Potting mixes contain microbes including bacteria/fungi * Inhalation of dust may irritate the nose/throat/lungs * Direct contact may cause skin/eye irritation Safety Procedures: * Avoid contact with eyes or skin * Avoid breathing in dust * Wear protective lab coats/gloves Apparatus: * 2 pot plants * 2 labels * 1 text * watering can * 2 heaps of soil * 6 pea plant seeds * ID ml of water * 2 trays VARIABLES: Independent Variable: Amount of light given to the pea plant Dependent Variable: growth and height of the pea plant Controlled Variable: water, soil, pot size Method: 1. First grab a pair of gloves and put them on 2. Choose any two same size pot plants and place them under the tap 3. Turn on the water so that it is softly flowing begin to mix the compost with the water and make it into a wet soil 4. Grab six seeds off of the teacher to be planted 5. Once done poke your finger into three central positions of the mix and plant the seeds in there( this should be about CM deep) 6. Cover the seeds and label the pot with your name and whether it is the one that goes into the light or the one that goes in the dark 7. Go and place the light one in the outside tray and the dark one in the cupboard tray 8. Water everyday malls approximately however on weekends make sure they are moist enough to last that period 9. Record your results every day and make an average for each type of plant.

Alvin Ailey Biography Overview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alvin Ailey Biography Overview - Research Paper Example The research paper "Alvin Ailey Biography Overview" presents the description of Alvin's way to success. Having graduated from high school in the year 1948, Alvin went to the University of California with the intention of becoming a teacher but his interest in dance soon came back, particularly after he came across the Lester Horton Dance Theatre giving a dance. Horton’s highly theatrical modern dance style and his apparent interest in Native American dances and culture greatly attracted Alvin and he thought of changing his course from teaching to dance. He won a scholarship and enrolled for technique and dance composition classes with Lester Horton. He also got employment with Horton’s stage crew and danced with them. In the year 1951, seeking a more stable career, Alvin enrolled for a major in Romance languages in San Francisco State College. While there, he got to dance with a touring company and soon realized that what he really wanted was dance regardless of how ris ky it was compared to the dependable and stable teaching career. He rejoined the Los Angeles’ Lester Horton Dance Theatre and Lester Horton died suddenly in the year 1953, leaving the company without a director. They asked Alvin to choreograph some dances. He taught at Horton Dance School but later got an opportunity of dancing in a concert in New York and moved to the East Coast. In the year in 1954, Alvin went to New York to dance in the Broadway production of ‘House of Flowers’ with a partner called Carmen DeLavallade and in the year 1958.

Lenore Walker - Marital and Sexual Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lenore Walker - Marital and Sexual Abuse - Essay Example More importantly, her several theories and understandings of battery have altered the way that attorneys and criminal prosecutors look at battery and the abuse of women, which has led to new laws and regulations to assist women in need. This has been combined with a challenge to society to begin to change the way that women in the home and in contemporary culture are looked at. Walker has gained the title of being the mother of battered women because of her significant contributions and developments in the field of psychology, specifically which intertwine with the concepts of abuse. Walker began her research in psychology toward women in the 1970s, at which time she made some of the most significant contributions to the effects battery has on women. Walker began to study the field of psychology soon after graduating high school. She earned her Bachelor’s in 1962 from CUNY’s Hunter College, followed by a Master’s in 1967. In 1972, she earned a doctorate in psychology from Rutgers, New Jersey. She has held a practice for over 30 years and is licensed in Colorado, New Jersey and Florida. Her prestige in the field of battered women has earned her the title of Diplomat in Clinical and Family Psychology. To this date, Walker focuses on teaching psychology at Nova Southeastern University, specifically with a focus on forensic psychology. She also coordinates with several court jurisdictions and areas in Florida, specifically to help treat women in battered situations. Walker is a part of a consulting group that works to change regulations toward women in the courtroom. She is also the director of the Domestic Violence Institute, which is designed to change the understanding of abuse between women and children on an international level. The main theories that Walker developed began with her studies for her doctorate and continued with her first field studies after graduation

Concepts of the Holy Spirit

Concepts of the Holy Spirit Pneumatology I believe in the Holy Spirit, that He is the third Person of the Trinity, He is fully God, He convicts the world of sin, righteousness, and judgment, and He carries out the work of sustaining and empowering believers to live properly as children of God The Person of the Holy Spirit: I believe that the Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity and, as such, is deity (Acts 5:3-4). He exists co-equally and co-eternally with the Father and the Son (2 Cor. 13:14; 1 Pet. 1:1-2). His divinity is shown in how He is presented as equal with the Father and the Son (Matt. 28:19; 1 Cor. 12:4-6), by His names Spirit of God or Spirit of Christ (Gen. 1:2; Rom. 8:9), by His ability to give new life (John 6:63; Rom. 1:4; 8:2-11; 2 Cor. 3:6) and by His full knowledge of the thoughts of God (1 Cor. 2:10-11). He is personal in nature. He is said to understand the mind of God and to search out all things (1 Cor. 2:10-11) which emphasizes knowledge and intellect. He has a will and He chose to distribute spiritual gifts to the Church according to His will (1 Cor. 12:11). He commands believers to do certain tasks (Acts 8:29). He testifies of Jesus and bears witness that He is indeed from the Father and does so for those He indwells (Jn. 15:26-27). He teaches believers (Jn. 14:26) a nd guides them in all the truth of God (Jn. 16:13). He can be resisted (Acts 7:51), lied to (Acts 5:19), grieved (Eph. 4:30), and quenched (1 Thess. 5:19). The Work of the Holy Spirit: I believe that the Holy Spirit was active in creation (Gen. 1:2) and in empowering specific Old Testament people for particular acts of service (Num. 11:26-29; 24:2; Judg. 14:6). He was instrumental in the giving of prophesy and Scripture. Ezekiel said that the Spirit came into me causing him to speak the truth to Gods people (Ez. 2:2). The Holy Spirit was involved in the virgin birth of Christ (Matt. 1:20; Luke 1:35), came upon Jesus at His baptism (Matt. 3:16-17), and strengthened Jesus throughout His earthly ministry (Matt. 4:1; 12:28). I believe that the Holy Spirit superintended the writing of the Scripture to ensure the precise results God wanted (2 Peter 1:20-21). The Spirit works in the lives of unbelievers convicting them of their sinful state before God and of the impending judgment (John 16:8). The Spirits work in believers heightened at Pentecost (Acts 2). The Spirit works in New Testament believers for the glory of Christ (John 16:13-14). He is responsible for regeneration (John 3:3, 5; Titus 3:5; 2 Thess. 2:13). He indwells every believer at conversion (Rom. 8:9) and is involved in incorporating believers into the body of Christ (1 Cor. 12:13). The Spirit seals believers until the day of redemption (Eph. 4:30). He is the guarantee of future salvation (Eph. 1:13-14; Rom. 8:23). The Spirit empowers believers for daily living and for service (Acts 1:8; Gal. 5:16-25), provides assurance of salvation (Rom. 8: 16), is intricately involved in the sanctification and spiritual maturity of the believer as the Christians helper and comforter (Jn. 14:16), and leads believers to be holy (Rom. 8:13-15). Baptism in the Spirit is a one-time experience for each believer that happens at conversion (Acts 1:5; 2:38; 1 Cor. 12:13). From conversion on, each believer is to be strongly influenced by the Spirit (Eph. 5:18). The believer never receives more of the Spirit after conversion, but throughout the Christian life, the Spirit ought to influence the believer more and more as the believer responds rightly to the Spirits work through the Word. The Spirit promotes unity in the body of Christ through the various gifts (1 Cor. 12). Spiritual gifts include individuals specially given by Christ such as pastors and teachers (Eph. 4:11), as well as abilities endowed by the Spirit for the good of the body of Christ (1 Cor. 12:4-11; Rom. 12:6-8; 1 Pet. 4:10-11). Apostles and prophets formed a unique role in the formation of the church (Eph. 2:20) and still minister to the church today through the Scriptures they wrote. However, there are no apostles and prophets today. The Spirit gives gifts to individual believers as He wills (1 Cor. 12:11). The record of Scripture (Acts 2, 10, 19; Heb. 2:1-4) and church history suggest that several of the gifts such as healing, miracles, and tongues were confirmatory and temporal in nature, in that they confirmed Gods unique working through the apostles and the early church, but in a short while fell off the scene. What is most important is that love drives all use of the spiritual gifts (1 Cor. 13), that gifts are practiced in accordance with Scriptural guidelines (1 Cor. 14:40), and that believers focus on edifying others through their God-given abilities and gifts (1 Cor. 14:12, 26), rather than tearing others down and exalting themselves. Ecclesiology I believe that the church, of which Christ is the head, is one universal and spiritual body, gathered in local bodies, to whom has been committed the ordinances of believers baptism and the Lords Supper, with the corporate purpose of glorifying God through worship, the edification of the saints, and the communication of the gospel to the world. The Universal Church: I believe that all those who place their faith in Christ are baptized in the Holy Spirit and placed into the church (1 Cor. 12:12-13), which is one universal and spiritual body (Eph. 1:22-23; 2:21-22; 4:4-6). Christ is both the builder of the church (Matt. 16:18) and the head of the church, giving direction to the church and ruling over the church (Eph. 5:23; Col 1:18). Christ nourishes and cherishes the church (Eph. 5:29-30), adds numerically to the church (Acts 2:47), and causes spiritual growth within the church (Eph. 4:15-16). As the body of Christ, the church exists to bring glory to God (Eph. 3:20-21) and to represent Christ to the world (John 17:18; Eph. 1:22-23). The church brings glory to God through worship (John 4:23-24; Col. 3:16-17), through building itself up in the faith (Acts 2:41-42; Heb. 10:24-25), through submission to the Word (James 1:19-25; 1 Pet. 1:22-2:3), and through communicating the gospel to the world (Matt. 28:19-20). I believe that the church, as a united international body of Jewish and Gentile believers, is a mystery, not fully disclosed until this age (Eph. 3:3-6; Col. 1:25-27). The church is testified to by Jesus (Mat. 16:18-19; 18:15-17; Acts 1:5), began at Pentecost (Acts 2), but will not be fully completed until Christ comes to take up His bride (1 Thess. 4:13-18). While the church is a part of the people of God of all ages who have been saved by grace through faith (Rom. 4:16; Gal. 3:29), the church is similar to, but distinct from, the nation Israel (Rom. 11:23-27; 1 Cor. 10:32), which still has a role in Gods purposes. The Local Church: I believe that the local church is the visible representation of the universal church, although believers may at times exist outside of a local church and false converts may at times be present in a local church (1 John 2:19). The local church gathers in organized (1 Cor. 14:40), local (Acts 11:22; Acts 13:1) assemblies for the equipping of the saints for the work of the ministry (Eph. 4:11-16), all to the glory of God. The local church is a fellowship of true followers of Jesus Christ who are individually priests before God (1 Pet. 2:5, 9) and is characterized by unity in diversity (1 Cor. 12; Rom. 12:4-8). Every believer ought to be accountable to (Matt. 18:15-17) and actively involved in a Bible-preaching local church, so that he or she may participate in the edification of the saints and be built up personally into the likeness of Christ (Heb. 10:23-25). I believe that the local church has been given apostles and prophets as foundational gifts and that the local church still benefits from these gifted people through the Scriptures (Eph. 4:11; 2:20). I believe that the local church has been given two primary offices for today: elders or overseers (often called pastors) (Eph. 4:11; 1 Tim. 3:1-7; Titus 1:5-9; 1 Pet. 5:1-2) and deacons (Phil. 1:1; 1 Tim. 3:8-13). Elders and deacons must meet certain qualifications to serve in these capacities (Titus 1:5-9; 1 Tim. 3:1-13). The elders primary role in the body is to lead the flock spiritually through his own example, through prayer, and through feeding the flock through the preaching and teaching of the Word (1 Pet. 5:2; Acts 20:28). The deacons are those whose primary role is to serve the body in whatever way is needed. In the early church, women were actively involved in church ministry, both publicly and privately, in such capacities as teaching women (Titus 2:3-5), evangelizing and discipling believers (Acts 18:26; 2 Tim. 1:5; 3:14-15), laboring in gospel ministry (Rom. 16:3-4; Phil. 4:3), being a servant and patron of the church (Rom. 16:1-3), and praying and prophesying in public worship (1 Cor. 11:2-16). At the same time, though women play critical roles in the life of the church, both privately and publicly, the New Testament also upholds a distinction for the role of women in regard to the public ministry of proclaiming the Word (1 Tim. 2:11-15). Only men are to hold the office of overseer (1 Tim. 3:1-7) and to exercise authority in the church over men in the public teaching of the Word (1 Tim. 2:11-15). I believe that the local church has been given two ordinances: baptism (Matt. 28:19) and the Lords Supper (1 Cor. 11:23-32). Baptism is to be done soon after conversion and by immersion in water (Acts 2:41; 8:36-38; 10:47; 16:33). It is a public, external signification of the inward change that God has worked in the heart (Rom. 6:2-4). The believer has died to sin and has been raised to walk in the newness of life. The Lords Supper also functions as a symbolic reminder of the redemptive work of Christ (Luke 22:19-20; 1 Cor. 11:24-25). It is to be a time of unity, confession and forgiveness, and a time of looking forward to Christs return (1 Cor. 11:23-32). The ordinances point the believer back to the cross and Christs transforming work in our lives and in this way serve to strengthen believers and to encourage them to continue in the faith. I believe that the local church and its members are to be holy and unstained by the world (James 1:27; 1 John 2:15-17; 1 Pet. 1:13-16). In addition, the Scriptures clearly affirm that there will be many false teachers who try to lead the church away from Christ (2 Pet. 2:1-3; 2 Tim. 4:3-4). I believe that the local church and its members must beware of and repudiate false teaching (1 John 4:1; Rom. 16:17; 2 Cor. 6:14-17). I believe that the local church and its members are also to be separated from erring brothers (2 Thess. 3:6-15; 1 Cor. 5:9-11; Titus 3:10-11). This separation is to be practiced through the discipline of wandering members in the hopes of restoration (1 Cor. 5; 2 Thess. 3:15; Matt. 18:15-17; Gal. 6:1-2). This separation also ought to be practiced at an ecclesiastical level to preserve the truth of the gospel. It is our sharing in the gospel and in the Spirit that creates unity in the body of Christ (Eph. 4:1-6). If the clarity of the gospel is at stake, a firm stand must be made that clearly identifies the church and its members with the pure gospel of grace (Gal. 1:6-10; 2:11-14; Phil. 3:1-3). Eschatology I believe that Jesus is coming again as King and Judge to be united with His Bride, to inflict judgment on all those who have not obeyed the gospel, and to establish His kingdom in fulfillment of the promises of Scripture. The Eternal State: I believe that physical death involves the separation of the soul from the body (James 2:26; Phil. 1:22-24). For a believer, death means the immediate entrance of the spirit into the presence of the Lord (2 Cor. 5:8; Phil. 1:23). The spirit of the unrighteous enters hell, a place of torment and punishment (Luke 16:19-31; 2 Pet. 2:9; Rev. 20:13-14). This intermediate state is a conscious existence for all who die as they await their bodily resurrection the righteous unto imperishable, glorified bodies (Rom. 8:10-11; 1 Cor. 15:24-54) while the unrighteous unto eternal disgrace and corruption (Rev. 20:11-15; John 5:28-29). The righteous will be judged and will receive the rewards due them in accordance with their works (2 Cor. 5:9-10; Rom. 14:10-12); the unrighteous will stand condemned at the Great White Throne and be cast into the lake of fire for eternal punishment and separation from God (2 Thess. 1:7-9; Rev. 20:11-15). The punishment of the wicked will be conscious and eternal (Ma tt. 10:28; Luke 16:23-28) and will be worse for those who had been given greater privilege (Matt. 11:20-24; Rom. 2:5). The Heart of Eschatology: I believe that Jesus is coming again to be united with His bride (1 Thess. 4:13-18) to inflict vengeance on those who have not obeyed the gospel (2 Thess. 1:5-10), to crush His enemies, and to establish His worldwide kingdom (Acts 1:5-11; Rev. 19-22). Believers ought to wait with eager anticipation for the coming of the Lord (James 5:7-9). Unbelievers should repent while there is still time since God has appointed Jesus as Judge (Acts 17:30-31). For believers, the Lords return ought to inspire hope in the midst of suffering and holiness in practical life (Rom. 8:18-25; 2 Peter 3:11-13; 1 John 3:1-3). Eschatological Chronology: While I believe that the Scripture does point toward the chronology below, I also recognize that the Scriptures are not explicit in regard to prophetic chronology and that church history also points to a lack of consensus on this issue. With this said, I affirm the following view of prophetic chronology. I believe that Gods plan is to bring everything in the universe into subjection to Christ (Col. 1:19-20; Eph. 1:9-10). I believe that the next event in Gods prophetic plan is the return of the Lord Jesus Christ to rapture His saints (1 Thess. 4:13-18). Those who have died in Christ will be instantly resurrected, and those still alive will be caught up together with them and be transformed into glorious new bodies (1 Cor. 15:51-53; 1 Thess. 4:13-18). Following the rapture, the seven year tribulation will commence (Dan. 9:27; Matt. 24:15-31). During this time, there will be an outpouring of Gods wrath like none other in the history of the earth (Rev. 6:15-17; Is. 24; Jer. 30:7; Rev. 6-19). This will be a time in which Satan will persecute Israel with fierce destruction and deceive the nations with great success (Dan. 12:1-3; Jer. 30:7; 2 Thess. 2:3-12). I believe that at the end of the tribulation period Jesus will physically return (Acts 1:11) to the earth to defeat Antichrist and his forces (Rev. 19:11-21), to bind Satan and seal him in the abyss (Rev. 20:1-3), and to rule the world from Jerusalem for 1000 years (Mic. 4:1-4; Zech. 14:9-11; Rev. 20:4-6). These thousand years, known as the millennium, will be a time of peace, prosperity, blessing, and righteousness (Is. 11:6-10; 65:20-25), and will ultimately fulfill Gods covenant promises to Israel (Is. 9:6-7; Ezek. 37:21-28; Jer. 31:31-34; Rom. 11:25-26) as the Offspring of David rules the whole earth from His throne in Jerusalem (Is. 2:2-4; 11:1-5), along with His people (Dan. 7:21-22; Rev. 20:4). The millennium will be brought to an end with the final, brief release of Satan (Rev. 20:7). Satan will once more deceive and gather together the wicked against Christ and His saints at Jerusalem (Rev. 20:7-9). Christ will destroy them and cast Satan into the lake of fire. The wicked wi ll be resurrected bodily to be judged at the Great White Throne and then will be cast into the lake of fire (Rev. 20:10-15) to suffer eternal punishment (Matt. 13:42; 25:41-46). I believe that these heavens and earth will be burned with intense heat (2 Pet. 3:10) and that God will create a new heaven and a new earth where believers will dwell eternally and joyfully in His presence, free from all sin and sorrow (2 Pet. 3:13; Rev. 21:1-22:5).

Operation of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh

Term Paper On Operation of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh Term Paper On Operations of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh Financial Institutions & Markets (FIN 335) Summer 2012 Submitted To Md Lutfur Rahman Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration East West University Submitted by Srabonty MazumderMd. Saddam HossenMd. Mehedi HasanMd. Nazmul Hasan BhuyanSanjana Ahmed| 2009-2-10-0212009-3-10-031 2009-3-10-0762009-3-10-0222008-3-10-101| Section:02 Date of Submission: April 18, 2012 Letter of TransmittalApril18, 2012 Md Lutfur Rahman Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration East West University Subject: Submission of Assignment. Dear Sir: We are very pleased to submit this term paper on â€Å"Operations of Bank management in Bangladesh. † as you have authorized us to in this semester. We are honored to prepare this term paper under your guidance since it gave us the opportunity to know the operations of different commercial bank in Bangladesh and a lso know the product and service offered by that bank.And we explore which bank provides unique product and service for their customers and which way they provide. We analyze its offered product comparative scenario in respective to the other type of commercial bank. We tried our level best to accumulate the information for you as comprehensive as possible. We will be obliged to provide further clarification on this report whenever necessary. Sincerely Yours, Srabonty Mzumder [2009-2-10-021] ________________ Md. Saddam Hossen [2009-3-10-031]________________ Md.Mehedi Hasan [2009-3-10-076]________________ Md. Nazmul Hasan Bhuyan [2009-3-10-022]________________ Sanjana Ahmed [2008-3-10-101]________________ Acknowledgement We would like to express our gratitude and indebtedness to our honorable faculty Md Lutfur Rahman, Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, East West University (EWU). With his inexhaustible guidance, valuable advice, continuous inspiration, constr uctive criticism and generosity she helped us to carry out this report successfully.We would also like to express our gratitude to the website that helped us to gather all the necessary information. Finally, we would like to thank to all group members that directly or indirectly helped us to provide and accumulate all the necessary information for the accomplishment of this assignment. Table of Content Executive Summary 1. Introduction: There are different kind commercial bank that are operating their business in Bangladesh like state owned commercial bank, private owned commercial bank, some multinational bank, Islamic bank etc. ach type of bank offer different kind of product and service for their client. These commercial offer different types of deposits service and also offer different types of credit service. So we analyze the comparative situation in one bank offered product and service with another bank. 2. 1. Origin of the report:  This report originates to fulfill the req uirement of studying Financial Institutions & Markets, which is the course of BBA Program of East West University. The topic of the report is â€Å"Operation of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh† 2. 2.Objective:  The purpose of the report is to know the comparative situation among the commercial bank and also to elaborate our knowledge about financial market by analyzing its comparative situation. 2. 3. Scope of the report:  There are huge scopes to prepare the term paper to collecting information, analyze the information and also implement the information. 2. 4. Limitations:  To prepare this report we have faced a lot of problems such as unavailability of lab, electricity problem, unavailability of related books unavailability of information in net etc. 2. 5.Methodology: At first we collect the basic information from internet like related bank websites, and then analyzes the information on the basis of available information. So for the purpose of the report completion collect information from secondary sources. Public and Private commercial Banks in Bangladesh Public Banks: The banking system of Bangladesh is dominated by the 4 Nationalized Commercial Banks In which 3 are totally controlled by government and 1 (Rupali Bank) bank is controlled by both government and private sector. Nationalized Commercial Bank of Bangladesh: * Sonali Bank Agrani Bank * Rupali Bank * Janata Bank For Our Comparison we select Agrani Bank and Sonali Bank Private Banks: Private Banks are the highest growth sector due to the dismal performances of government banks (above). They tend to offer better service and products. Now 39 private commercial banks are operating in Bangladesh. Among them we select Dutch Bangla Bank ltd and BRAC Bank ltd for our comparison. Comparison between Public and Private Banks: 1. Personal Banking: As public Bank Agrani Bank and Sonali Bank offer Personal banking products for their current and potential customers.On the other hand private bank also provide different types of personal banking service for their current and potential customer. Deposit and loan services are- Product type| Public Bank| Private Bank| Deposit services| Savings bank account, Fixed deposit receipt, Pension schemeSonali Deposit Scheme (SDS)Education Deposit Scheme (EDS)Medicare Deposit Scheme (MDS)Monthly Earning Scheme (MES)Marriage Savings Scheme (MSS)Rural Deposit Scheme (RDS) andDouble Benefit Scheme (DBS)Credit Schemes| Convertible Taka Account.Current Deposit AccountCurrent Deposit Account BankExporter’s FC DepositForeign Current AccountNon- convertible Taka Account Saving deposit AccountShort Term Deposit AccountShort Team Deposit Bank Account| Loan Sevices| Home loan, Consumer loan, Advance against salaryConsumer Credit Special Small Credit IT Finance Loan for Diagnostic Center Loan scheme for Employment Abroad | Auto Line Care Line Dreams comes true LineEducation LineFestival LineFull Secured Line General LineHome Line: Marriage Li ne Professional LineTravel line| 2. Business support And Industry Development Products :With a view to building up a fund of Tk. 500 crore for financing industrial projects,  Agrani Bank  introduced  Agrani Bank Shilpa Unnayan Bond  in 1999. There are two types of bonds – 5 and 7 years. The lowest denomination is Tk. 50,000 and highest one is of Tk. 500,000. Interest rate is good enough to attract people. Major credit Schemes for business people are Industrial Credit, Trade Finance, Import Finance and Export Finance. If you are a deserving candidate for any of them, or you need any documentary support from  Agrani Bank, you may visit to any branch of  Agrani Bank.For industrial development of the country  Sonali Bank  provides long term loan against new industries and BMRE program of existing industries. Under different schemes it addresses thrust sector, Garments, Tourism, Hospital, Pharmaceutical, Power Plant and many more. Compare to Public banks with priva te bank : Also offer different type of loan facilities that’s interest rate is generally floated interest rate. 3. Agri & Rural Banking product : Now bottom line farmers may have a bank account depositing Tk. 10 only. Agrani Bank  provides this service to rural areas in Bangladesh.Young generation intending to go abroad for jobs may have loan for their air tickets and other expenses against nominal securities. Other rural economical activities are also supported by  Agrani Bank  credit programs. The areas addressed are Cultivation (flower and others), Fisheries, and Poultry, Purchasing Agriculture and irrigation machinery and ploughing animals. So it can be said that  Agrani Bank that public bank  is working to promote economic growth of Bangladesh from the very grass root level which is 80% of national economy. 5% of our population lives in rural areas of Bangladesh and 75% earn their living from agriculture. So without boost up of agriculture our economy wonâ €™t grow. Also Sonali Bank as a public bank  very correctly addresses it through the Rural Credit Scheme. The scheme provides loan under the following criteria: * Crop Loan * Special Investment Program * Farming & Off Farming program * Krishi Khamar Rin Karmasuchi * Pond Fisheries Credit Program * Fertilizer Dealers Credit Program * Sugarcane Production Loan Program * Social Forestation ProgramAll these credit programs are very much suitable for our rural people and society and in the mean time these efforts have started to give result. The results are very encouraging. On the other hand private banks Such as Bank Asia and Dutch Bangla bank as private bank, normally focus on the urban people. They don’t have any specific products on the rural or Agricultural sector. Bank Asia has a product â€Å"KIOSH† for the farmer but it is not so popular or useful for the farmer. 4. Microcredit product: For Bangladesh perspective microcredit is necessary.To think about th e poor people of Bangladesh Sonali Bank offer Microcredit. Sonali Bank  being committed for people and society has been participating in the field actively since 2003. About 20 projects under the scheme are in progress. On the other Hand in Private Banks: Such as Bank Asia and Dutch Bangla bank have no specific microcredit product for the lower middle class people of Bangladesh. Their every product is basically for upper class and middle class people. 5. SME Banking product: Small and medium enterprise of the country is one of the deserving sectors for financial support.Agrani Bank  justifiably provides credit to them under different schemes. Agrani Bank  launched a joint venture program named Small Enterprise Development Program (SEDP) with NORAD, a Norwegian agency in 1995. This program was implemented in greater Mymensingh and Faridpur districts. The target fields were rice mill, oil mill, and nursery, repairing shops, fishery, weaving and many more. The bank is presenting micro credit and other supports to land less day labor for alleviation of poverty by generating employment. Agrani Bank  had designed some programs in collaboration with other agencies.One such program is Employment Generation Project for Rural Poor (EGPRP). This program was launched in 1995. All these programs are very much favorable to the micro enterprises and the poor. Terms and conditions are also customer friendly and easy to follow. On the other Hand in Private Banks Private Bank such as Bank Asia and Dutch Bangla Bank has SME banking for the Small and middle enterprise. Bank Asia have 10 SME service branches all over the Bangladesh. They have different 9 SME products that interest rate start from 10-17%. Dutch bangle bank have 3 SME branches.From the branches small and meddle enterprise can borrow from 100000 to 5000000 tk. Floating Interest rate is 17% and collateral 16%. As an entrepreneur must have experience at least 2 (Two) years. 6. Nonresident Bangladeshis customers products : Nonresident Bangladeshis now get banking facility through  Agrani Bank. They may have an account in taka, they may invest in Dollar Bonds. They are also allowed to have an F/C account. To compare with Private Bank Such as Bank Asia and Dutch Bangla Bank gives the account facilities and F/C account for the NRBs . NRBs can also invest in Euro Dollar bonds. . Islamic Banking product: Among the nationalized banks Agrani was the first to introduce Islamic Banking service. Agrani Bank  provides completely interest free Shariah based banking for their clients. Deposit services offer  interest free profit in compliance with Shariah. Agrani Bank, as per its slogan, is always beside the people in their struggle to come up with sustainable economic growth for themselves and for the nation. On the Other Hand Private bank Such as Bank Asia have Islamic banking services in 6 braches such as 3 in Dhaka, 1 in Chittagong and 1 in Sylhet.They provide completely interest free Shariah based banking to the clients. Deposit services offer  interest free profit in compliance with Shariah. Now a day most of the private banks start Islamic Banking Service to attract the all types of people. 8. Internet Banking : Agrani bank and Sonali bank don’t have internet banking services. On the Other Hand Private bank All private banks branches under online banking system will be able to do banking practices using a common server (which is centralized) from where only the branches will be able to enter using a common password.Dutch Bangla Bank and Bank Asia give the below internet banking services for their customers. Internet Banking Services * Check account balance * Take print out of account statement for a particular period   * Transfer fund within your own account * Make payment of mobile phone bill * Recharge your mobile phone as well as others from your account *   Enquire foreign exchange rate * Enquire currency exchange rates. * Acquire information on all our products. * Every transaction report will be sent to clients through e-mail account. *   Can change the password, pin code and respective  mobile number (For All Mobile Operator's). 1. ATM Booth product : Now a day public bank doesn’t offer any ATM facilities for their Clients. On the Other hand With more than 1000 of ATM booths all over the country,  DBBL's has the largest ATM networks in Bangladesh. DBBL offering free access to its ATM network for its subscriber. This network helped  DBBL  gaining more popularity and confidence among subscriber and expanding banking opportunity to mass people. This entire network is being maintained by its own IT staff without any 3rd party dependency Brac Bank also has huge ATM booths facilities for their clients. 12.Credit / Debit Cards Product : Public bank offer credit / debit card facilities in a smaller range such as Sonali Bank Limited are one of the member banks of Q-Cash Consortium. Card holder of Sonali Bank Limited can use ATMs of consortium member banks, Dutch-Bangla bank and BRAC bank limited. Member Banks of Q-Cash Consortium. Agrani bank also give their clients debit card facilities but it not so popular. On the Other Hand Private bank such as Brac Bank offer Credit Card such as 1. Platinam card 2. Universal Card 3. Schedule of charge 4. Payment of Credit Card Bill Debit Card: Visa / Master CardPrepaid Card: 1. Hajj Card 2. Travel Card 3. Schedule of Charge Dutch Bangla Bank also offer different types of Debit, Credit, Prepaid Card and different types of offer & discounts. On the above comparison we see that public bank work with grass root level and more concentrate Last of all previous time Public commercial banks have fewer facilities than private commercial banks but now a day they try to increase their product and service. Private Banks gives a lot of services to their clients. For existence of the market private banks are increasing their products and services.Islamic Banking: Th e key difference is that Islamic Banking is based on Shariah foundation. Thus, all dealing, transaction, business approach, product feature, investment focus, responsibility are derived from the Shariah law, which lead to the significant difference in many part of the operations with as of the traditional. The foundation of Islamic bank is based on the Islamic faith and must stay within the limits of Islamic Law or the Shariah in all of its actions and deeds. Here, we take two banks for the comparison between Islamic Bank & Traditional bank: * Social Islamic Bank Limited (SIBL) * Shahjalal Islami Bank (SJIBL)Amongst the governing principles of an Islamic bank are: * The absence of interest-based (riba) transactions; * The avoidance of economic activities involving oppression (zulm) * The avoidance of economic activities involving speculation (gharar); * The introduction of an Islamic tax, zakat; * The discouragement of the production of goods and services which contradict the Is lamic value (haram) Traditional Banking: On the other hand, traditional banking is essentially based on the debtor-creditor relationship between the depositors and the bank on one hand, and between the borrowers and the bank on the other.Interest is considered to be the price of credit, reflecting the opportunity cost of money. Among of many traditional banks we take two, those are: * National bank. * Brac Bank Comparison Between Islamic Banking And Traditional Banking: 1. Functions And Operating Modes: The functions and operating modes of SJIBL & SIBL banks are based on the principles of Islamic  Shariah. On the other hand BRAC Bank & National Bank are based on man maid principles 2. Interest Rate: SJIBL & SIBL do not used to fixed up the interest rate for their offering asset & liability products as like as traditional banks deal with. t promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur). Besides, The investor is ass ured of a predetermined rate of interest. They have fixed rate of interest. Example: In BRAC bank, they have â€Å"Prapti Current account† & their interest rate is given below: Amount of Balance| Specific Interest Rate| 0 – Below 5,000| 0%| 5,000 – Below 100,000| 1%| 100,000 – Below 250,000| 2%| 250,000 – Below 500,000| 3%| 500,000 & Above| 4%| | 3. Profit Maximization: Both of them SJIBL & SIBL aims at maximizing profit but subject to  Shariah  restrictions.Besides they just shares profit & loss both. Example: They offer Al Wadiah Current Deposit Accounts. Where have No profit on Al Wadiah Current Deposit Account balances. Al-Wadiah current deposit account holder have no risk. In contrast, National bank ltd. & BRAC Bank has the aim of maximizing profit without any restriction. In contrast, SIBL & SJIBL share their profit & loss with their clients that indicates they don’t fixed up interest rate as aforementio ned in traditional banking system. 4. Provided Loan Modes: Islamic law considers a loan to be given or taken, free of charge, to meet any contingency.So, The SJIBL & SIBL have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters. Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity. Rebates are given for early settlement at the Bank's discretion. Example: Al Wadiah Current Deposit Accounts Payment on Accounts demand Funds in the Al Wadiah Current Deposit shall be payable on demand and the Bank guarantees repayment of such funds in full, less the Bank charges Besides. Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function for both of them.They can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters. 5. Since SJIBL ;amp; SIBL shares profit and loss, they pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations. Example: Al Wadiah Current Deposit Accounts. No profit on Al Wadiah Curr ent Deposit Account balances shall be allowed and the Bank at its own discretion uses the funds of Al-Wadiah current deposit accounts without any risk to the account holder. 6. Projects Development: The SJIBL ;amp; SIBL gives greater emphasis on the viability of the projects.In the comparison of BRAC bank ;amp; NBL banks’ income from the advances is fixed, it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations. 7. Deposits Accounts: Most importantly SJIBL ;amp; SIBL can only guarantee deposits for deposit account, which is based on the principle of  al-wadiah, thus the depositors are guaranteed repayment of their funds, however if the account is based on the mudarabah concept, client have to share in a loss position. * Al Wadiah Current Deposit Accounts * Mudaraba Savings Deposit Accounts Mudaraba Term Deposit Accounts * Mudaraba Short Notice Deposit Accounts In contrast, BRAC Bank have these types of deposits * Probashi Current Account * Pr obashi Savings Account * Probashi Fixed Deposit * Probashi DPS * Probashi Abiram In these accounts client don’t have to share in a loss position. 8. Zakat collection: In the modern Islamic banking system, it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the SJIBL ;amp; SIBL to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat. They does not deal with  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Zakat,† as Islamic bank usually does. 9.Islamic Mode of Investment: Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function for both of them. * Participation Of partnership business Example: SIBL provide â€Å"Musharaka† service. It means means partnership business. Every partner has to provide more or less equity funds in this partnership business. Both the Bank and the investment client reserve the right to share in the management of the business. But the Bank may opt to permit the investment client to operate the whole business. In practice, the investment client normally con ducts the business.The profit is divided between the bank and the investment client at a predetermined ratio. Loss, if any, is to be borne by the bank and the investment client according to capital ratio. * The status of SJIBL ;amp; SIBL in relation to its clients is that of partners, investors and trader, buyer and seller. Example: Bai-Muazzal. Bai-Muajjal is a contract between Buyer and Seller under which the seller sells certain specific goods ( permissible under Shariah and Law of the country ), to the Buyer at an agreed fixed price payable at a certain fixed future date in lump sum or within a fixed period by fixed installments.The seller may also sell the goods purchased by him as per order and specification of the Buyer. In Bank's perspective, Bai-Muajjal is treated as a contract between the Bank and the Client under which the bank sells to the Client certain specified goods, purchased as per order and specification of the Client at an agreed price payable within a fixed futu re date in lump sum or by fixed installments. | IN contrast, BRAC bank has * Probashi Wage Earnes bond * US $ premium & Investment Bond Probashi Biniyog Probashi Wage Earners' Bond| | Probashi Wage Earner Development Bond (WEDB) is a product designed by Bangladesh Central bank for Bangladeshi national living abroad. The objective of this product is to encourage the NRBs to invest their hard earned money to purchase WEDB on which the government guarantees a fixed interest rate. | | US Dollar Premium ;amp; Investment Bond| | US Dollar Premium Bond is a product designed by Bangladesh Central bank for Bangladeshi national living abroad.The objective of this product is to encourage the NRBs to invest their hard earned money to purchase WEDB on which the government guarantees a fixed interest rate. | Probashi Biniyog| | BRAC Bank Limited offers ‘Probashi Biniyog' a product that exclusively provides Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) the opportunity to invest in the Bangladeshi Cap ital Market through a Beneficiary Owner's (BO) account which will be funded by a Non Resident Investor's Taka Account (NITA). Both BO account and NITA will be held with BRAC Bank Limited. | 9. Conclusions:In the conclusion we have differentiated different types of products of private and public banks, Islamic and traditional bank and local and multinational bank in Bangladesh. Basically we try representing a clear picture among two banks products base on their deposit products, loan products, ATM, cards, Interest rate , branch , SME product , rural ;amp; agriculture products. To compare their products we have used company website, visited the banks and talked with the employees of the banks. That has enriched the differentiation among different banks. 10. Reference

Inside Job Essay

The collapse started back in the 1980’s with the deregulation of Savings and loans, this meant that the government no longer was overseeing the manner in which business was conducted. This in its self did not create the collapse, but as time when along more deregulation in the banking sector took place. Banks could now begin to loosen their lending guidelines, this trend lead to what was know as sub prime lending. Many banks such as Chase, Citi, Bank of America, Countrywide and many more started these companies to lend to the less then slandered banking customers. This way the banks could still make money, but not jeopardize their portfolio customers. Now banks could lend money to customers that had credit scores less then 700 and with resent bankruptcy and even foreclosures and their credit. The biggest reason for the sub prime was money. Now there really was no limit on what interest rate the banks could charge for their sub prime products. The banks could then bundle their sub prime loans and sell them to Wall Street and receive margins on the loans, for example if the prime rate on Wall Street was 4.5% and your interest rate on your loans might be 9.5% Wall Street might pay the bank 3% on all their loans. Now this then is where the collapse is starting, Banks now are offering more and more products to lesser credit worthy customers at high rates and mortgage brokers and bankers are pushing these products because the banks are now offering incentives for these products and why because the banks are making money on them not because they are the best for the consumer. The next chapter of the collapse is on Wall Street as shown in the movie AIG comes up with this great insurance idea of derivatives for the sub prime market. What these derivatives would do is protect the servicers and buyers of sub prime loans in case the loans will fail and who helped AIG come up with this idea, Their next door neighbor and biggest buyer of sub prime loans Lehman Brothers. As we see in the movie everything comes to a head in 2008, Lehman Brothers closes, AIG is bailed out by the government and all sub prime lenders close.  Yet no one is prosecuted and most all the upper management from the companies that contributed to the collapse are either still teaching business in upper scale colleges or hold positions on government cabinets. In conclusion this movie shows how money and the promise of unlimited amounts, can turn Wall Street and the banking sector to do whatever it takes ethically or unethically to achieve it. We see that companies such as AIG and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will lie and doctor their accounting, and even pay to receive AAA rates even days before they went bankrupt so investors wouldn’t know. Has Wall Street learned its lesson or do they even care?

What Is a Generic Pronoun Definition and Examples

In English grammar, a  generic pronoun is a  personal pronoun (such as one or they) that can refer to both masculine and feminine entities. Also called a  common-gender pronoun, an epicene pronoun, and a gender-neutral pronoun. In recent years, because English does not have a singular equivalent for they and because the use of he as a generic pronoun appears to exclude or marginalize women, various composites and neologisms have been proposed, including s/he, han, and he/she. Increasingly, the they-pronoun group is used in singular constructions (a practice that dates to the 16th century), though strict prescriptive grammarians fault this practice. The most common way of avoiding the problem is to use the plural forms of nouns in company with the generic pronouns they, them, and their. Examples and Observations One should never go to sleep with an electric heating pad turned on.[I]f one learns that one will not be allowed to get away with simply walking away from whatever messes one creates, one is given a strong negative incentive against making messes in the first place. (Henry Shue, Global Environment and International Inequality. Climate Ethics: Essential Readings, ed. by Stephen Gardiner et al. Oxford University Press, 2010)The way a person spends his or her leisure time tells us what he or she values.If everyone becomes committed to developing her or his own set of myths and symbols, how is community possible? (Naomi R. Goldenberg, Changing of the Gods. Beacon, 1979)I dont want to live in a country that prohibits any person, whether he/she has paid the ultimate price for that country, from wearing, saying, writing, or telephoning any negative statements about the government. (American anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan)He (and by he I also mean she) sees in these interlopers rivals for t he affection he egoistically craves from his parents, and which he is unwilling to share with anyone else. (La Forest Potter, Strange Loves. Padell, 1933)In Baltimore, . . . yo is a new gender-neutral third-person personal pronoun. As in Yo was tuckin’ in his shirt or Yo sucks at magic tricks. If yo sticks around — and if it spreads — maybe we can put the ever-awkward he or she to rest forever. (Jessica Love, They Get to Me. The American Scholar, Spring 2010)Its imperative to a childs success that they have strong self-esteem. A parent plays a key role in its development and must be conscious of choices s/he makes daily to influence a childs self-esteem. (Toni Schutta) Origin of He as a Generic Pronoun He started to be used as a generic pronoun by grammarians who were trying to change a long-established tradition of using they as a singular pronoun. In 1850 an Act of Parliament gave official sanction to the recently invented concept of the generic he. . . . [T]he new law said, words importing the masculine gender shall be deemed and taken to include females. (R. Barker and C. Moorcroft, Grammar First. Nelson Thornes, 2003) A Gender-Neutral Fossil There is an interesting historical twist to this story. Around 1000 years ago, at the time of so-called Old English, the masculine pronoun was hÄ“ and the feminine pronoun was hÄ“o. The form she didnt make an appearance until sometime during the 12th century. It eventually came to replace hÄ“o, and this is why we have this little irregularity now in the modern language — she versus her/hers. The initial h of her and hers is a fossil that preserves the h of the original feminine pronoun hÄ“o. Now, there were some conservative dialects in the UK that (in their spoken versions at least) never felt the effects of she and indeed ended up with only one pronoun form (the collapse of original hÄ“ and hÄ“o). Sometimes written as ou (or a), it was probably pronounced something like [uh] (in other words, the schwa . . .). These dialects didnt have the problem of coming up with clumsy alternatives like s/he when the sex of a person was unknown or irrelevant. The form ou was truly a gender-neutral pronoun. (Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) The Singular They The first results of a large scale project investigating the adoption of feminist language change in spoken language (with a focus on public speech) suggests that singular they is the preferred generic pronoun in public speech: 45 radio interviews (approx. 196000 words and involving 14 interviewers and 199 guests) yielded 422 cases of pronominalisation of generic nouns. Dominating the pronoun stakes by a large margin is singular they which was used 281 times (67%). This was followed by 72 cases in which the generic noun was repeated (17%). There were still 50 cases of the use of masculine generic he (12%). The dual pronoun strategy, i.e. use of he or she only occurred 8 times (1.5%) and the generic use of she only 3 times (0.5%). (Anne Pauwels, Inclusive Language Is Good Business: Gender, Language and Equality in the Workplace. Gendered Speech in Social Context, ed. by Janet Holmes. Victoria University. Press, 2000) The Generic They in a New Translation of the Bible The 2011 translation of the New International Version Bible, or NIV, does not change pronouns referring to God, who remains He and the Father. But it does aim to avoid using he or him as the default reference to an unspecified person. . . .At issue is how to translate pronouns that apply to both genders in the ancient Greek and Hebrew texts but have traditionally been translated using masculine forms in English. . . .An example from the translators notes for Mark 4:25 . . . show how the NIVs translation of these words has evolved over the past quarter-century.The widely distributed 1984 version of the NIV quotes Jesus: Whoever has will be given more; whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him.The more recent incarnation of the NIV from 2005, called Todays New International Version, changed that to: Those who have will be given more; as for those who do not have, even what they have will be taken from them.The CBMW [Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood] had co mplained in 2005 that making the subject of a verse plural to convey that it could refer equally to a man or a woman potentially obscured an important aspect of biblical thought--that of the personal relationship between an individual and God.The NIV 2011 seems to have taken that criticism into account and come up with a compromise: Whoever has will be given more; whoever does not have, even what they have will be taken from them.While the translators former grammar teachers may not like it, the translators offer a strong justification for their choice of they (instead of the clunky he or she) and them (instead of him or her) to refer back to the singular whoever.They commissioned an extensive study of the way modern English writers and speakers convey gender inclusiveness. According to the translators notes on the Committee on Bible Translations website, The gender-neutral pronoun they (them/their) is by far the most common way that English-language speakers and writers today refer back to singular antecedents such as whoever, anyone, somebody, a person, no one, and the like. (Associated Press, New Bible Draws Critics of Gender-Neutral Language. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 18, 2011)