Operation of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh

Term Paper On Operation of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh Term Paper On Operations of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh Financial Institutions & Markets (FIN 335) Summer 2012 Submitted To Md Lutfur Rahman Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration East West University Submitted by Srabonty MazumderMd. Saddam HossenMd. Mehedi HasanMd. Nazmul Hasan BhuyanSanjana Ahmed| 2009-2-10-0212009-3-10-031 2009-3-10-0762009-3-10-0222008-3-10-101| Section:02 Date of Submission: April 18, 2012 Letter of TransmittalApril18, 2012 Md Lutfur Rahman Assistant Professor Department of Business Administration East West University Subject: Submission of Assignment. Dear Sir: We are very pleased to submit this term paper on â€Å"Operations of Bank management in Bangladesh. † as you have authorized us to in this semester. We are honored to prepare this term paper under your guidance since it gave us the opportunity to know the operations of different commercial bank in Bangladesh and a lso know the product and service offered by that bank.And we explore which bank provides unique product and service for their customers and which way they provide. We analyze its offered product comparative scenario in respective to the other type of commercial bank. We tried our level best to accumulate the information for you as comprehensive as possible. We will be obliged to provide further clarification on this report whenever necessary. Sincerely Yours, Srabonty Mzumder [2009-2-10-021] ________________ Md. Saddam Hossen [2009-3-10-031]________________ Md.Mehedi Hasan [2009-3-10-076]________________ Md. Nazmul Hasan Bhuyan [2009-3-10-022]________________ Sanjana Ahmed [2008-3-10-101]________________ Acknowledgement We would like to express our gratitude and indebtedness to our honorable faculty Md Lutfur Rahman, Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, East West University (EWU). With his inexhaustible guidance, valuable advice, continuous inspiration, constr uctive criticism and generosity she helped us to carry out this report successfully.We would also like to express our gratitude to the website that helped us to gather all the necessary information. Finally, we would like to thank to all group members that directly or indirectly helped us to provide and accumulate all the necessary information for the accomplishment of this assignment. Table of Content Executive Summary 1. Introduction: There are different kind commercial bank that are operating their business in Bangladesh like state owned commercial bank, private owned commercial bank, some multinational bank, Islamic bank etc. ach type of bank offer different kind of product and service for their client. These commercial offer different types of deposits service and also offer different types of credit service. So we analyze the comparative situation in one bank offered product and service with another bank. 2. 1. Origin of the report:  This report originates to fulfill the req uirement of studying Financial Institutions & Markets, which is the course of BBA Program of East West University. The topic of the report is â€Å"Operation of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh† 2. 2.Objective:  The purpose of the report is to know the comparative situation among the commercial bank and also to elaborate our knowledge about financial market by analyzing its comparative situation. 2. 3. Scope of the report:  There are huge scopes to prepare the term paper to collecting information, analyze the information and also implement the information. 2. 4. Limitations:  To prepare this report we have faced a lot of problems such as unavailability of lab, electricity problem, unavailability of related books unavailability of information in net etc. 2. 5.Methodology: At first we collect the basic information from internet like related bank websites, and then analyzes the information on the basis of available information. So for the purpose of the report completion collect information from secondary sources. Public and Private commercial Banks in Bangladesh Public Banks: The banking system of Bangladesh is dominated by the 4 Nationalized Commercial Banks In which 3 are totally controlled by government and 1 (Rupali Bank) bank is controlled by both government and private sector. Nationalized Commercial Bank of Bangladesh: * Sonali Bank Agrani Bank * Rupali Bank * Janata Bank For Our Comparison we select Agrani Bank and Sonali Bank Private Banks: Private Banks are the highest growth sector due to the dismal performances of government banks (above). They tend to offer better service and products. Now 39 private commercial banks are operating in Bangladesh. Among them we select Dutch Bangla Bank ltd and BRAC Bank ltd for our comparison. Comparison between Public and Private Banks: 1. Personal Banking: As public Bank Agrani Bank and Sonali Bank offer Personal banking products for their current and potential customers.On the other hand private bank also provide different types of personal banking service for their current and potential customer. Deposit and loan services are- Product type| Public Bank| Private Bank| Deposit services| Savings bank account, Fixed deposit receipt, Pension schemeSonali Deposit Scheme (SDS)Education Deposit Scheme (EDS)Medicare Deposit Scheme (MDS)Monthly Earning Scheme (MES)Marriage Savings Scheme (MSS)Rural Deposit Scheme (RDS) andDouble Benefit Scheme (DBS)Credit Schemes| Convertible Taka Account.Current Deposit AccountCurrent Deposit Account BankExporter’s FC DepositForeign Current AccountNon- convertible Taka Account Saving deposit AccountShort Term Deposit AccountShort Team Deposit Bank Account| Loan Sevices| Home loan, Consumer loan, Advance against salaryConsumer Credit Special Small Credit IT Finance Loan for Diagnostic Center Loan scheme for Employment Abroad | Auto Line Care Line Dreams comes true LineEducation LineFestival LineFull Secured Line General LineHome Line: Marriage Li ne Professional LineTravel line| 2. Business support And Industry Development Products :With a view to building up a fund of Tk. 500 crore for financing industrial projects,  Agrani Bank  introduced  Agrani Bank Shilpa Unnayan Bond  in 1999. There are two types of bonds – 5 and 7 years. The lowest denomination is Tk. 50,000 and highest one is of Tk. 500,000. Interest rate is good enough to attract people. Major credit Schemes for business people are Industrial Credit, Trade Finance, Import Finance and Export Finance. If you are a deserving candidate for any of them, or you need any documentary support from  Agrani Bank, you may visit to any branch of  Agrani Bank.For industrial development of the country  Sonali Bank  provides long term loan against new industries and BMRE program of existing industries. Under different schemes it addresses thrust sector, Garments, Tourism, Hospital, Pharmaceutical, Power Plant and many more. Compare to Public banks with priva te bank : Also offer different type of loan facilities that’s interest rate is generally floated interest rate. 3. Agri & Rural Banking product : Now bottom line farmers may have a bank account depositing Tk. 10 only. Agrani Bank  provides this service to rural areas in Bangladesh.Young generation intending to go abroad for jobs may have loan for their air tickets and other expenses against nominal securities. Other rural economical activities are also supported by  Agrani Bank  credit programs. The areas addressed are Cultivation (flower and others), Fisheries, and Poultry, Purchasing Agriculture and irrigation machinery and ploughing animals. So it can be said that  Agrani Bank that public bank  is working to promote economic growth of Bangladesh from the very grass root level which is 80% of national economy. 5% of our population lives in rural areas of Bangladesh and 75% earn their living from agriculture. So without boost up of agriculture our economy wonâ €™t grow. Also Sonali Bank as a public bank  very correctly addresses it through the Rural Credit Scheme. The scheme provides loan under the following criteria: * Crop Loan * Special Investment Program * Farming & Off Farming program * Krishi Khamar Rin Karmasuchi * Pond Fisheries Credit Program * Fertilizer Dealers Credit Program * Sugarcane Production Loan Program * Social Forestation ProgramAll these credit programs are very much suitable for our rural people and society and in the mean time these efforts have started to give result. The results are very encouraging. On the other hand private banks Such as Bank Asia and Dutch Bangla bank as private bank, normally focus on the urban people. They don’t have any specific products on the rural or Agricultural sector. Bank Asia has a product â€Å"KIOSH† for the farmer but it is not so popular or useful for the farmer. 4. Microcredit product: For Bangladesh perspective microcredit is necessary.To think about th e poor people of Bangladesh Sonali Bank offer Microcredit. Sonali Bank  being committed for people and society has been participating in the field actively since 2003. About 20 projects under the scheme are in progress. On the other Hand in Private Banks: Such as Bank Asia and Dutch Bangla bank have no specific microcredit product for the lower middle class people of Bangladesh. Their every product is basically for upper class and middle class people. 5. SME Banking product: Small and medium enterprise of the country is one of the deserving sectors for financial support.Agrani Bank  justifiably provides credit to them under different schemes. Agrani Bank  launched a joint venture program named Small Enterprise Development Program (SEDP) with NORAD, a Norwegian agency in 1995. This program was implemented in greater Mymensingh and Faridpur districts. The target fields were rice mill, oil mill, and nursery, repairing shops, fishery, weaving and many more. The bank is presenting micro credit and other supports to land less day labor for alleviation of poverty by generating employment. Agrani Bank  had designed some programs in collaboration with other agencies.One such program is Employment Generation Project for Rural Poor (EGPRP). This program was launched in 1995. All these programs are very much favorable to the micro enterprises and the poor. Terms and conditions are also customer friendly and easy to follow. On the other Hand in Private Banks Private Bank such as Bank Asia and Dutch Bangla Bank has SME banking for the Small and middle enterprise. Bank Asia have 10 SME service branches all over the Bangladesh. They have different 9 SME products that interest rate start from 10-17%. Dutch bangle bank have 3 SME branches.From the branches small and meddle enterprise can borrow from 100000 to 5000000 tk. Floating Interest rate is 17% and collateral 16%. As an entrepreneur must have experience at least 2 (Two) years. 6. Nonresident Bangladeshis customers products : Nonresident Bangladeshis now get banking facility through  Agrani Bank. They may have an account in taka, they may invest in Dollar Bonds. They are also allowed to have an F/C account. To compare with Private Bank Such as Bank Asia and Dutch Bangla Bank gives the account facilities and F/C account for the NRBs . NRBs can also invest in Euro Dollar bonds. . Islamic Banking product: Among the nationalized banks Agrani was the first to introduce Islamic Banking service. Agrani Bank  provides completely interest free Shariah based banking for their clients. Deposit services offer  interest free profit in compliance with Shariah. Agrani Bank, as per its slogan, is always beside the people in their struggle to come up with sustainable economic growth for themselves and for the nation. On the Other Hand Private bank Such as Bank Asia have Islamic banking services in 6 braches such as 3 in Dhaka, 1 in Chittagong and 1 in Sylhet.They provide completely interest free Shariah based banking to the clients. Deposit services offer  interest free profit in compliance with Shariah. Now a day most of the private banks start Islamic Banking Service to attract the all types of people. 8. Internet Banking : Agrani bank and Sonali bank don’t have internet banking services. On the Other Hand Private bank All private banks branches under online banking system will be able to do banking practices using a common server (which is centralized) from where only the branches will be able to enter using a common password.Dutch Bangla Bank and Bank Asia give the below internet banking services for their customers. Internet Banking Services * Check account balance * Take print out of account statement for a particular period   * Transfer fund within your own account * Make payment of mobile phone bill * Recharge your mobile phone as well as others from your account *   Enquire foreign exchange rate * Enquire currency exchange rates. * Acquire information on all our products. * Every transaction report will be sent to clients through e-mail account. *   Can change the password, pin code and respective  mobile number (For All Mobile Operator's). 1. ATM Booth product : Now a day public bank doesn’t offer any ATM facilities for their Clients. On the Other hand With more than 1000 of ATM booths all over the country,  DBBL's has the largest ATM networks in Bangladesh. DBBL offering free access to its ATM network for its subscriber. This network helped  DBBL  gaining more popularity and confidence among subscriber and expanding banking opportunity to mass people. This entire network is being maintained by its own IT staff without any 3rd party dependency Brac Bank also has huge ATM booths facilities for their clients. 12.Credit / Debit Cards Product : Public bank offer credit / debit card facilities in a smaller range such as Sonali Bank Limited are one of the member banks of Q-Cash Consortium. Card holder of Sonali Bank Limited can use ATMs of consortium member banks, Dutch-Bangla bank and BRAC bank limited. Member Banks of Q-Cash Consortium. Agrani bank also give their clients debit card facilities but it not so popular. On the Other Hand Private bank such as Brac Bank offer Credit Card such as 1. Platinam card 2. Universal Card 3. Schedule of charge 4. Payment of Credit Card Bill Debit Card: Visa / Master CardPrepaid Card: 1. Hajj Card 2. Travel Card 3. Schedule of Charge Dutch Bangla Bank also offer different types of Debit, Credit, Prepaid Card and different types of offer & discounts. On the above comparison we see that public bank work with grass root level and more concentrate Last of all previous time Public commercial banks have fewer facilities than private commercial banks but now a day they try to increase their product and service. Private Banks gives a lot of services to their clients. For existence of the market private banks are increasing their products and services.Islamic Banking: Th e key difference is that Islamic Banking is based on Shariah foundation. Thus, all dealing, transaction, business approach, product feature, investment focus, responsibility are derived from the Shariah law, which lead to the significant difference in many part of the operations with as of the traditional. The foundation of Islamic bank is based on the Islamic faith and must stay within the limits of Islamic Law or the Shariah in all of its actions and deeds. Here, we take two banks for the comparison between Islamic Bank & Traditional bank: * Social Islamic Bank Limited (SIBL) * Shahjalal Islami Bank (SJIBL)Amongst the governing principles of an Islamic bank are: * The absence of interest-based (riba) transactions; * The avoidance of economic activities involving oppression (zulm) * The avoidance of economic activities involving speculation (gharar); * The introduction of an Islamic tax, zakat; * The discouragement of the production of goods and services which contradict the Is lamic value (haram) Traditional Banking: On the other hand, traditional banking is essentially based on the debtor-creditor relationship between the depositors and the bank on one hand, and between the borrowers and the bank on the other.Interest is considered to be the price of credit, reflecting the opportunity cost of money. Among of many traditional banks we take two, those are: * National bank. * Brac Bank Comparison Between Islamic Banking And Traditional Banking: 1. Functions And Operating Modes: The functions and operating modes of SJIBL & SIBL banks are based on the principles of Islamic  Shariah. On the other hand BRAC Bank & National Bank are based on man maid principles 2. Interest Rate: SJIBL & SIBL do not used to fixed up the interest rate for their offering asset & liability products as like as traditional banks deal with. t promotes risk sharing between provider of capital (investor) and the user of funds (entrepreneur). Besides, The investor is ass ured of a predetermined rate of interest. They have fixed rate of interest. Example: In BRAC bank, they have â€Å"Prapti Current account† & their interest rate is given below: Amount of Balance| Specific Interest Rate| 0 – Below 5,000| 0%| 5,000 – Below 100,000| 1%| 100,000 – Below 250,000| 2%| 250,000 – Below 500,000| 3%| 500,000 & Above| 4%| | 3. Profit Maximization: Both of them SJIBL & SIBL aims at maximizing profit but subject to  Shariah  restrictions.Besides they just shares profit & loss both. Example: They offer Al Wadiah Current Deposit Accounts. Where have No profit on Al Wadiah Current Deposit Account balances. Al-Wadiah current deposit account holder have no risk. In contrast, National bank ltd. & BRAC Bank has the aim of maximizing profit without any restriction. In contrast, SIBL & SJIBL share their profit & loss with their clients that indicates they don’t fixed up interest rate as aforementio ned in traditional banking system. 4. Provided Loan Modes: Islamic law considers a loan to be given or taken, free of charge, to meet any contingency.So, The SJIBL & SIBL have no provision to charge any extra money from the defaulters. Only small amount of compensation and these proceeds is given to charity. Rebates are given for early settlement at the Bank's discretion. Example: Al Wadiah Current Deposit Accounts Payment on Accounts demand Funds in the Al Wadiah Current Deposit shall be payable on demand and the Bank guarantees repayment of such funds in full, less the Bank charges Besides. Lending money and getting it back with compounding interest is the fundamental function for both of them.They can charge additional money (penalty and compounded interest) in case of defaulters. 5. Since SJIBL ;amp; SIBL shares profit and loss, they pay greater attention to developing project appraisal and evaluations. Example: Al Wadiah Current Deposit Accounts. No profit on Al Wadiah Curr ent Deposit Account balances shall be allowed and the Bank at its own discretion uses the funds of Al-Wadiah current deposit accounts without any risk to the account holder. 6. Projects Development: The SJIBL ;amp; SIBL gives greater emphasis on the viability of the projects.In the comparison of BRAC bank ;amp; NBL banks’ income from the advances is fixed, it gives little importance to developing expertise in project appraisal and evaluations. 7. Deposits Accounts: Most importantly SJIBL ;amp; SIBL can only guarantee deposits for deposit account, which is based on the principle of  al-wadiah, thus the depositors are guaranteed repayment of their funds, however if the account is based on the mudarabah concept, client have to share in a loss position. * Al Wadiah Current Deposit Accounts * Mudaraba Savings Deposit Accounts Mudaraba Term Deposit Accounts * Mudaraba Short Notice Deposit Accounts In contrast, BRAC Bank have these types of deposits * Probashi Current Account * Pr obashi Savings Account * Probashi Fixed Deposit * Probashi DPS * Probashi Abiram In these accounts client don’t have to share in a loss position. 8. Zakat collection: In the modern Islamic banking system, it has become one of the service-oriented functions of the SJIBL ;amp; SIBL to be a Zakat Collection Centre and they also pay out their Zakat. They does not deal with  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Zakat,† as Islamic bank usually does. 9.Islamic Mode of Investment: Participation in partnership business is the fundamental function for both of them. * Participation Of partnership business Example: SIBL provide â€Å"Musharaka† service. It means means partnership business. Every partner has to provide more or less equity funds in this partnership business. Both the Bank and the investment client reserve the right to share in the management of the business. But the Bank may opt to permit the investment client to operate the whole business. In practice, the investment client normally con ducts the business.The profit is divided between the bank and the investment client at a predetermined ratio. Loss, if any, is to be borne by the bank and the investment client according to capital ratio. * The status of SJIBL ;amp; SIBL in relation to its clients is that of partners, investors and trader, buyer and seller. Example: Bai-Muazzal. Bai-Muajjal is a contract between Buyer and Seller under which the seller sells certain specific goods ( permissible under Shariah and Law of the country ), to the Buyer at an agreed fixed price payable at a certain fixed future date in lump sum or within a fixed period by fixed installments.The seller may also sell the goods purchased by him as per order and specification of the Buyer. In Bank's perspective, Bai-Muajjal is treated as a contract between the Bank and the Client under which the bank sells to the Client certain specified goods, purchased as per order and specification of the Client at an agreed price payable within a fixed futu re date in lump sum or by fixed installments. | IN contrast, BRAC bank has * Probashi Wage Earnes bond * US $ premium & Investment Bond Probashi Biniyog Probashi Wage Earners' Bond| | Probashi Wage Earner Development Bond (WEDB) is a product designed by Bangladesh Central bank for Bangladeshi national living abroad. The objective of this product is to encourage the NRBs to invest their hard earned money to purchase WEDB on which the government guarantees a fixed interest rate. | | US Dollar Premium ;amp; Investment Bond| | US Dollar Premium Bond is a product designed by Bangladesh Central bank for Bangladeshi national living abroad.The objective of this product is to encourage the NRBs to invest their hard earned money to purchase WEDB on which the government guarantees a fixed interest rate. | Probashi Biniyog| | BRAC Bank Limited offers ‘Probashi Biniyog' a product that exclusively provides Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) the opportunity to invest in the Bangladeshi Cap ital Market through a Beneficiary Owner's (BO) account which will be funded by a Non Resident Investor's Taka Account (NITA). Both BO account and NITA will be held with BRAC Bank Limited. | 9. Conclusions:In the conclusion we have differentiated different types of products of private and public banks, Islamic and traditional bank and local and multinational bank in Bangladesh. Basically we try representing a clear picture among two banks products base on their deposit products, loan products, ATM, cards, Interest rate , branch , SME product , rural ;amp; agriculture products. To compare their products we have used company website, visited the banks and talked with the employees of the banks. That has enriched the differentiation among different banks. 10. Reference

Inside Job Essay

The collapse started back in the 1980’s with the deregulation of Savings and loans, this meant that the government no longer was overseeing the manner in which business was conducted. This in its self did not create the collapse, but as time when along more deregulation in the banking sector took place. Banks could now begin to loosen their lending guidelines, this trend lead to what was know as sub prime lending. Many banks such as Chase, Citi, Bank of America, Countrywide and many more started these companies to lend to the less then slandered banking customers. This way the banks could still make money, but not jeopardize their portfolio customers. Now banks could lend money to customers that had credit scores less then 700 and with resent bankruptcy and even foreclosures and their credit. The biggest reason for the sub prime was money. Now there really was no limit on what interest rate the banks could charge for their sub prime products. The banks could then bundle their sub prime loans and sell them to Wall Street and receive margins on the loans, for example if the prime rate on Wall Street was 4.5% and your interest rate on your loans might be 9.5% Wall Street might pay the bank 3% on all their loans. Now this then is where the collapse is starting, Banks now are offering more and more products to lesser credit worthy customers at high rates and mortgage brokers and bankers are pushing these products because the banks are now offering incentives for these products and why because the banks are making money on them not because they are the best for the consumer. The next chapter of the collapse is on Wall Street as shown in the movie AIG comes up with this great insurance idea of derivatives for the sub prime market. What these derivatives would do is protect the servicers and buyers of sub prime loans in case the loans will fail and who helped AIG come up with this idea, Their next door neighbor and biggest buyer of sub prime loans Lehman Brothers. As we see in the movie everything comes to a head in 2008, Lehman Brothers closes, AIG is bailed out by the government and all sub prime lenders close.  Yet no one is prosecuted and most all the upper management from the companies that contributed to the collapse are either still teaching business in upper scale colleges or hold positions on government cabinets. In conclusion this movie shows how money and the promise of unlimited amounts, can turn Wall Street and the banking sector to do whatever it takes ethically or unethically to achieve it. We see that companies such as AIG and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will lie and doctor their accounting, and even pay to receive AAA rates even days before they went bankrupt so investors wouldn’t know. Has Wall Street learned its lesson or do they even care?

What Is a Generic Pronoun Definition and Examples

In English grammar, a  generic pronoun is a  personal pronoun (such as one or they) that can refer to both masculine and feminine entities. Also called a  common-gender pronoun, an epicene pronoun, and a gender-neutral pronoun. In recent years, because English does not have a singular equivalent for they and because the use of he as a generic pronoun appears to exclude or marginalize women, various composites and neologisms have been proposed, including s/he, han, and he/she. Increasingly, the they-pronoun group is used in singular constructions (a practice that dates to the 16th century), though strict prescriptive grammarians fault this practice. The most common way of avoiding the problem is to use the plural forms of nouns in company with the generic pronouns they, them, and their. Examples and Observations One should never go to sleep with an electric heating pad turned on.[I]f one learns that one will not be allowed to get away with simply walking away from whatever messes one creates, one is given a strong negative incentive against making messes in the first place. (Henry Shue, Global Environment and International Inequality. Climate Ethics: Essential Readings, ed. by Stephen Gardiner et al. Oxford University Press, 2010)The way a person spends his or her leisure time tells us what he or she values.If everyone becomes committed to developing her or his own set of myths and symbols, how is community possible? (Naomi R. Goldenberg, Changing of the Gods. Beacon, 1979)I dont want to live in a country that prohibits any person, whether he/she has paid the ultimate price for that country, from wearing, saying, writing, or telephoning any negative statements about the government. (American anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan)He (and by he I also mean she) sees in these interlopers rivals for t he affection he egoistically craves from his parents, and which he is unwilling to share with anyone else. (La Forest Potter, Strange Loves. Padell, 1933)In Baltimore, . . . yo is a new gender-neutral third-person personal pronoun. As in Yo was tuckin’ in his shirt or Yo sucks at magic tricks. If yo sticks around — and if it spreads — maybe we can put the ever-awkward he or she to rest forever. (Jessica Love, They Get to Me. The American Scholar, Spring 2010)Its imperative to a childs success that they have strong self-esteem. A parent plays a key role in its development and must be conscious of choices s/he makes daily to influence a childs self-esteem. (Toni Schutta) Origin of He as a Generic Pronoun He started to be used as a generic pronoun by grammarians who were trying to change a long-established tradition of using they as a singular pronoun. In 1850 an Act of Parliament gave official sanction to the recently invented concept of the generic he. . . . [T]he new law said, words importing the masculine gender shall be deemed and taken to include females. (R. Barker and C. Moorcroft, Grammar First. Nelson Thornes, 2003) A Gender-Neutral Fossil There is an interesting historical twist to this story. Around 1000 years ago, at the time of so-called Old English, the masculine pronoun was hÄ“ and the feminine pronoun was hÄ“o. The form she didnt make an appearance until sometime during the 12th century. It eventually came to replace hÄ“o, and this is why we have this little irregularity now in the modern language — she versus her/hers. The initial h of her and hers is a fossil that preserves the h of the original feminine pronoun hÄ“o. Now, there were some conservative dialects in the UK that (in their spoken versions at least) never felt the effects of she and indeed ended up with only one pronoun form (the collapse of original hÄ“ and hÄ“o). Sometimes written as ou (or a), it was probably pronounced something like [uh] (in other words, the schwa . . .). These dialects didnt have the problem of coming up with clumsy alternatives like s/he when the sex of a person was unknown or irrelevant. The form ou was truly a gender-neutral pronoun. (Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) The Singular They The first results of a large scale project investigating the adoption of feminist language change in spoken language (with a focus on public speech) suggests that singular they is the preferred generic pronoun in public speech: 45 radio interviews (approx. 196000 words and involving 14 interviewers and 199 guests) yielded 422 cases of pronominalisation of generic nouns. Dominating the pronoun stakes by a large margin is singular they which was used 281 times (67%). This was followed by 72 cases in which the generic noun was repeated (17%). There were still 50 cases of the use of masculine generic he (12%). The dual pronoun strategy, i.e. use of he or she only occurred 8 times (1.5%) and the generic use of she only 3 times (0.5%). (Anne Pauwels, Inclusive Language Is Good Business: Gender, Language and Equality in the Workplace. Gendered Speech in Social Context, ed. by Janet Holmes. Victoria University. Press, 2000) The Generic They in a New Translation of the Bible The 2011 translation of the New International Version Bible, or NIV, does not change pronouns referring to God, who remains He and the Father. But it does aim to avoid using he or him as the default reference to an unspecified person. . . .At issue is how to translate pronouns that apply to both genders in the ancient Greek and Hebrew texts but have traditionally been translated using masculine forms in English. . . .An example from the translators notes for Mark 4:25 . . . show how the NIVs translation of these words has evolved over the past quarter-century.The widely distributed 1984 version of the NIV quotes Jesus: Whoever has will be given more; whoever does not have, even what he has will be taken from him.The more recent incarnation of the NIV from 2005, called Todays New International Version, changed that to: Those who have will be given more; as for those who do not have, even what they have will be taken from them.The CBMW [Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood] had co mplained in 2005 that making the subject of a verse plural to convey that it could refer equally to a man or a woman potentially obscured an important aspect of biblical thought--that of the personal relationship between an individual and God.The NIV 2011 seems to have taken that criticism into account and come up with a compromise: Whoever has will be given more; whoever does not have, even what they have will be taken from them.While the translators former grammar teachers may not like it, the translators offer a strong justification for their choice of they (instead of the clunky he or she) and them (instead of him or her) to refer back to the singular whoever.They commissioned an extensive study of the way modern English writers and speakers convey gender inclusiveness. According to the translators notes on the Committee on Bible Translations website, The gender-neutral pronoun they (them/their) is by far the most common way that English-language speakers and writers today refer back to singular antecedents such as whoever, anyone, somebody, a person, no one, and the like. (Associated Press, New Bible Draws Critics of Gender-Neutral Language. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 18, 2011)

The Road to World War II Essay - 742 Words

The road to World War II In the early days of the First World War, the United States was desperate to stay out of the European war and institute a neutrality policy. However, the two sides fought for U.S. support, often even at a danger to the U.S. The passive stand that America took in involvement in World War I only prolonged the inevitable and came at a price to the U.S. The American public didn’t want to be involved in World War I, and Wilson and the democrats knew it, although neutrality was a difficult stand to take. The British, who wanted the Americans to back their side in the war, refused to back U.S. peace drives. The Germans, who wanted the U.S. on their side, against Britain, violated pledges for the waters when it†¦show more content†¦Wilson wanted to demand an end to the war, but at this point in the war, it would have ruined the Allies. If that were to ensue, the U.S. would risk war with France or England. Then there was a breaking point. The German government deported 300,000 Belgians, which fired up anger in the Americans. Wilson was growing frustrated with the position of neutrality, but also realized what war did to people. So, he began to draw up new plans for American foreign policy. This plan called for an end to the financing of the Allied war effort by American banks, but the British were dependent on the American back up. There was a great fear that the American economy would become too involved and dependent on war trade. Because of the British need for American support and the American lack of such, the Germans found the time to ask for peace. This would begin a peace campaign that was backed by unrestricted submarine warfare. Wilson advocated the peace effort. The Allies became angry with Wilson for â€Å"playing Germany’s game† and the Germans were angry because they suspected that the U.S. was pro-British. The Allies later rejected the plan for peace. The Allies made it clear that Germany would pay for the war. The Germans returned the favor. They warned of unrestricted submarine warfare and the possibility of war with America. Germans promised destruction of all American ships in warShow MoreRelated Pearl Harbor Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Collier wrote The Road to Pearl Harbor: 1941 to talk about how the actions of individuals and governments brought the United States into World War II, as a result of the Pearl Harbor massacre caused by the Japanese. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The book starts out a dinner that Winston Churchill is hosting in order to recruit the support of the United States during the war. Winston Churchill is pleased to find out that he will have access to all sorts of American war materials, thanks to theRead MoreJack Kerouacs On The Road852 Words   |  4 PagesOn the Road by Jack Kerouac explores the core ideologies of the Beat Generation, dealing with non-conformity in a post World War II America. 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Analysis Of Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer - 1303 Words

All people want from life is to find happiness. We have learn that it’s not as easy as it looks, we have to search for it, maybe not literal but learning to love ourselves. Everyone tries hard enough to get what they desire and work hard for it, but we can’t see what the future holds, so no one knows exactly what might happen. Tragedy can sometimes come when we least expect them while searching for what we believe can bring us peace and satisfaction. We see this in the novel, Into The Wild by Jon Krakauer about a young man who is searching for what he believes might give him freedom, he goes on his own journey without knowing the end consequences. The author includes and arranges many features that help better understand why he wrote this†¦show more content†¦Another way is because the author wanted his novel to describe the life of Chris in a unique way without him feeling judged from the mistakes he did while on his journey in Alaska, because he’s life did end in tragedy. The author’s main purpose for writing Into The Wild was to explain exactly what happened to Chris on his trail and find a motive for why Chris decided to do this. Krakauer also wanted to provide reasoning for McCandlesss actions, or at least provide more detail about McCandlesss personal life. Also Krakauer wanted to motivate readers to do what makes them happy by providing justification for Chris’s actions. A quote that describes this is, â€Å"Make a radical change in your lifestyle and begin to boldly do things which you may previously never have thought of doing, or been too hesitant to attempt. ( Page 56 ) Krakauer also explains â€Å"many people live within unhappy circumstances and yet will not take the initiative to change their situation.† (Page 57) This doesn’t mean that you should go out into the wild like Chris, unprepared. The author just wants to identify that going to Alaska isn’t a horrible idea, a person just needs to be well equip ped and go along with friends because he doesn’t want nobody to go through what Chris had to go through. I feel like the intended audience is college students, not just because I read this novel my freshman year in college but because Chris was around the same age as many students in college who are trying to findShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Jon Krakauer s Into The Wild2135 Words   |  9 Pages In Into the Wild, Christopher McCandless (man) tried to exist as one with nature but finds through his journeys that nature is a force that will test men relentlessly, especially men who are unprepared. Nature is one of the world’s greatest marvels. McCandless understood that and chose nature over civilization. He believed civilization was a plague and there was only one way to cure that plague. That was to become one with nature . 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The remains were concluded to be those of Chris McCandless, an affluent 20-something from Virginia, who wound up dead following his two-year long self-righteous odyssey. Author Jon Krakauer wrote an article on McCandless for Outside magazine, which later disseminated into a novel titled Into the Wild. At a glance, McCandless and Ellsberg may seem like polar opposites, but after a parsing examination, one can s ee that they are incredibly similar. Both Ellsberg and McCandless advocated forRead MoreAnalysis Of Jon Krakauer s Into The Wild1555 Words   |  7 PagesSellas Period 2 ERWC Cagley December 9, 2014 Life on the Road? In Jon Krakauer’s Into the Wild, A young man named Chris McCandless decides to escape the annoyance of his current life and live on the road, he pursues an incredible journey of adventure, danger and companionship. McCandless is a narcissist and believes that he can overcome any challenges that he faces because he is independent and is smarter than the average person. 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One of the firstRead MoreJon Krakauer Is A Popular American Author1393 Words   |  6 PagesJon Krakauer is a popular American author. Most of his work covers the ventures of outdoor. The harsh conditions of life, faced by the heroic figures of different times. His widely read and distributed books include Where Men Win Glory: The Odyssey of Pat Tillman, Under the Banner of Heaven, Into Thin Air and Into the Wild. After winning the title of bestseller for his earlier account of heroic lives, Jon Krakauer again attempted to write a biography of an outstanding and exceptionally patriotic

Current Technological Changes in Health Care - Free Sample

Question: Discuss about theCurrent Technological Changes in Health Care. Answer: Introduction The new developments and techniques in healthcare systems over the centuries have proven that the phenomenon is not a static product. In fact, as the dynamics in the system morphs almost on a daily basis, Medical practitioners spend sleepless nights in trying to determine where health care will be in the next ten to twenty years. The essay focuses on the numerous studies that have been conducted on medical technological advances in healthcare industry besides unearthing various innovations and the general implication to the current medical profession (Abraham, 2010). Technological Changes in Healthcare Industry Health and medical care systems consider technology as the most crucial component to human interaction. It is a key indicator of current health costs and indeed the bearer of the future cost implications. Those in need have applauded this current move considering that practitioners in the field have adopted various methods of helping them. The technological advancement has enhanced easier treatment of cancer, delivery of babies, heart attacks, and many other health complications. Further studies indicate that massive changes in technology have the capability to become the main forces of chance in the healthcare firms as well as the major source of economic wealth builds up (Bilibin Zorin, 2006). Therefore the community has high hope in technology advancement especially when its implication is geared towards health address. Modern health and medical practitioners face rigid insurance companies and broken medical system as major hurdles in their line of duties. However, throughout thi s entire inevitable environment, they have excellently provided patient care and invented new health care techniques. It is believed that as the new advancement in this field continue beckoning; doctors will be better placed at dealing with health problems in a more cost- effective manner with regards to improvements in biomedical researchers (Chandra Cheek, 2001). Health Care Field is Being Revolutionized by Three Main Changes: Population Science for Treating Epidemics- Essentially, population science is the study of general illness and health within groups. During health outbreaks in the past public health, practitioners would apply this method as a way of mitigating its spread. Currently, advancement of technology has enhanced the revolution medical field through the study of population science in medical institutions. Besides physicians are in position assess and evaluate patients on a large scale, examine the lifespan and the death rate of people within a certain range and finally establish the frequency of illness along the health care pipeline. Diseases such as heart disease, obesity and cancer are currently on the rise. Therefore instead of treating them as individuals population science as a study will grant doctors permission to treat their epidemics in a large scale manner. Ideally, it will act as cost effective strategy to the management (Karakolias Polyzos, 2014). Clinical Practice Guidelines- This is a principle that enables practitioners to find out the best way of treating the symptom of any illness and figuring out its cause. The introduction of the computers has made it easy for doctors to have access to these statistics instantly from their technological devise. The health care system in Taiwan is the latest department to have embraced this new move. Many diseases and disorders have emerged since change hit healthcare field, and therefore almost impossible for a single doctor to carry out research to ascertain treatment of every disease in the world. In this regard they can, they integrate and consolidate their findings with evidence-based guidelines making treatment of any illness easier (MACPHEE SURYAPRAKASH, 2011). Electronic Medical Records- This is the use of software in the process of medical billing and coding of items with the sole purpose of sending them electronically to the end users. The last few decades has seen medical billing and coding switch from paperwork to the computerized system. The HIPAA laws require all medical attendants to have technologically driven software for sending out electronic expenses (Kuan Kok, 2015). The use of computer enables doctors to access all medical reports of the patient and find out the possible cause of illness they may be suffering from. Besides, it has brought massive transparency in the health care system through statistical documentation of the available population consequently preventing unnecessary costs. It can also act as a watchdog on the use of finance by the management being in the know of how much money should be reimbursed for treating patients. The ways through which technology has changed the field of health care is immense. There is no doubt that many aspects of our lives are directly and proportionally impacted by any change made by management of these institutions. To this end better and even more treatment has been made accessible to all. The introduction of IT has its sheer of incredible advantages to the health experts since they are better placed in exploring and doing research online hence being conversant with the cure of current illness. There is also improved care and efficiency that continues to work perfectly in the patient care departments thanks to the information that patients are assured of through IT. When patients enter the health care system, they are expectant of the high quality of lab results, proper and updated records of medical treatment and at least centralized area of information gathering. Subsequently, they will have a positive perception of increased level of efficiency in data collection (Va b, 2009). Most health care programs and disease control mechanisms are conducted and improved by application of specific software program. For example WHO has a database which constitutes more than 14,000 codes that classify illness, with regards to their causes and symptoms accordingly. This venue enables medical experts to retrieve and use valuable information to invent the right diagnosis for fighting and controlling emerging health illness. Patients acknowledge the fact that the introduction of software has evolved a new genre of transparency and accountability in the health care systems; while doctors take pride in the way incredible benefits accrued from the use of electronic medical records thus reducing paperwork levels. The scope of the current application of technological changes in health care fields can be traced from the administration and clinical applications (Orlova, 2015). Administration Applications of Information Technology Automated referral and training Patient records that are computerized Accounting and billing/ computerized admission data Managerial decision supports systems Automated management information systems Clinical Application of Information Communication Smart cards Pattern recognition and neutral networks Computerized patient records linkages Telemedicine and Tele health applications This huge perspective on the roles of technology in the dynamic health care profession has several advantages. As regards to decision- making the management be informed about contributions that the right software installed is adding to the issue of resources allocation in addition to addressing the needs the solving problems present (Sergeev, Stepanov, Akulinin, Mitsik, 2014). Additionally, a comprehensive evaluation of medical technology regarding assessing the effect on health care will improve efficiency and performance of the medical institutions. The health care industry is experiencing massive technological advancement that includes: The cloud- Recent study allude to the fact that 77% of cloud services in the healthcare are medium risk while more than 13% are said to have the high risk for security bleaches. Digital diagnostics-The provision of digital diagnostics to persons who cannot access a doctors office is paramount to the health of an individual. Neurotrack is a diagnostic test software-based Alzheimer which discovers dislocations on the hippocampus. Ultra-fast scanners-These are devised that can capture the hearts image in the singular beat. The study shows that 60% of patients exhibits 60 beats per minute of which the scanner cannot measure therefore turned away by the scan (Soni, 2010). Wearable-The report from consumer electronics association indicates that revenue and sales of smart watches and fitness trackers will hit $ 1 billion as years move by. For the instant, the characteristics of Parkinsons disease were discovered by the teaming up of Intel and Michael J.Fox Foundation. Concierge medical services-The system allows one to pay for services or products that are on demand in pay out of the pocket way. For example, some cities allow one to search for an office that fits your needs, get email access, online programs and appointments and get training classes from professional doctors (Zadjali M, 2014). Networks and coaching- Technology enhances easier customization of diet and health plans. Thrive On is coaching tool for giving plans by taking care of ones body image, anxiety, stress, mood and other mental disorders. Retrofit is essential for offering to coach regarding weight management and weight loss. Self-insurance-Most consumers consider managing their future health insurance data thanks to the advent of affordable Care Act. Jiff is a solving health problem that links employee interaction to the company which in return benefits and incentives are met. Hackathons- This is a digital tool that is speedily solving problems which emanate from the health care industry. Cloud systems, software developments, apps among others are as a result of hackathons. Conclusion The new technological advancement continues to poke holes in the field of health care. Therefore, there is no iota of doubt that these rapid changes must be embraced positively whenever they felt so as to remain relevant in the field. Software programs play an imperative role in linking administration and clinical, technological information. Additionally, tracking and billing applications enable the health practitioners to figure out patients past medical services so as to apply the right diagnostic. Physicians should always ensure quality health care is administered despite all these new developments (Zudov Sadovnikova, 2015). References Abraham, S. (2010). Technological Trends in Health Care. The Health Care Manager, 29(4), 318-323. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hcm.0b013e3181fa032c Bilibin, A. Zorin, I. (2006). Polymer Degradation and Its Role in Nature and Modern Medical Technologies. Cheminform, 37(34). https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200634252 Chandra, A. Cheek, R. (2001). The Emerging International Health Care Market: The Impact of Technology and Innovation. Journal Of Health Management, 3(1), 43-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097206340100300103 Karakolias, S. Polyzos, N. (2014). The Newly Established Unified Healthcare Fund (EOPYY): Current Situation and Proposed Structural Changes, towards an Upgraded Model of Primary Health Care, in Greece. Health, 06(09), 809-821. https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2014.69103 Kuan Kok, J. (2015). When Socio-Culture Meets Socio-Economy. Health Care : Current Reviews, 03(02). https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2375-4273.1000149 MACPHEE, M. SURYAPRAKASH, N. (2011). First-line nurse leaders health-care change management initiatives. Journal Of Nursing Management, 20(2), 249-259. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01338.x Orlova, A. (2015). Modern problems of medical care quality (review of literature). . , 9(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.12737/8114 Sergeev, A., Stepanov, S., Akulinin, V., Mitsik, A. (2014). Modern problems of morphological studying of the human cortex cytoarchitecture in norm and during ischemia. . , 8(1), 1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4789 Soni, N. (2010). Current anaesthesia and critical care changes to the journal. Current Anaesthesia Critical Care, 21(3), 105-106. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cacc.2010.02.008 Vab, M. (2009). Home care in transition: the complex dynamic of competing drivers of change in Norway. Journal Of Health Organization And Management, 23(3), 346-358. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777260910966762 Zadjali M, A. (2014). Community Health Nursing In Oman. Health Care : Current Reviews, 2(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2375-4273.1000128 Zudov, A. Sadovnikova, I. (2015). Modern Approaches to Etiopathogenetic Therapy of Broncho-Obstructive Disease in Pediatric Practice. , 22(1), 27-33. https://dx.doi.org/10.12737/9072

Nokia Company Overall free essay sample

The main focus of Nokia is relationship marketing; the company personality is like a trusted friend. Building friendship and trust is the main objective of the Nokia brand. When Nokia positions its brand in the crowded mobile phone marketplace, its message is to â€Å"bring people together†. This gives consumers a sense of trust and consideration by the company, as though to say that Nokia understand what they want in life, and how it can help. And it knows that technology is really only an enabler so that you-the customer-can enjoy a better life. Nokia is a great brand because it knows that the essence of the brand needs to be reflected in everything the company does, especially those that impact the consumer. â€Å"Over the final quarter of 2012, Nokia saw a 12 per cent improvement in the number of customers saying they would get a Nokia next time; from 30 per cent in September 2012 to 42 per cent in December 2012†. We will write a custom essay sample on Nokia Company Overall or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Telcoinabox 2012 Nokia is the market leader in the mobile phone market place; but in the recent years it has been struggling to defend its market leader position as other companies such as Apple, Samsung and Android are now growing on a fast rate; developing new phones that are suitable for the customers. Nokia has been declining due to the fact that is not developing new phones that can compete. In 2011 they released the Lumia series, so they can try and at least keep up with their competitors such as the IPhone or the Samsung Galaxy. If Nokia keeps this up it can lose a great market share in the next 5 years with their existing competitors and new competitors in the near future. â€Å"Nokia has announced the departure of its head of sales as the struggling mobile phone maker, beset by competition from Apple and Samsung and an under-par new product launch, slumped to a loss of ? 1. 1bn. † – The Guardian, UK 2011 In my opinion I think Nokia should look at their marketing techniques and apply them, to new markets, Nokia has the advantage of expanding due to the fact that is a highly know brand. There are many gaps in which they can expand; they can go into laptops, headphones, and other electronic devices. They can make a new global culture of electronic devices in which consumers buy all of their gadgets because it’s the style of that era, They can also try and improve products that are already in the market such as the IPhone, Furthermore Nokia can invest into new markets; they have fewer risks since they are globally know and they can enter a market and quickly gain market share, since they are well known worldwide and they have a reputation of having good quality products. Nokia introduced two Asha phones, which will be sold in Asia, Russia, Africa and Europe, including the Nokia 105  with a 35 day battery life and a 15 Euro (about $20 US) price tag, and the  Nokia   301, a 65 Euro phone with video streaming, 3. 5G internet, and Nokia Xpress browser, launching in more than 120 countries. †- Live Side Net In conclusion Nokia should start planning and a pplying marketing techniques to new markets or start by developing new products into existing markets. They are now losing market share, since they are not doing anything about it they should start to reconsider and make changes in the company to keep it stable and not lose in big opportunities. I think they are missing in not exploring the development of their brand as a force for social good as well as for commercial gain. They have many powerful claims in this area such as the efforts they are putting into eco-phone design which I think could move them onto a powerful new powerful market. Nokia has to invest into new departments such as the Research and Development, so they can come with new products to extend their line; nevertheless Nokia has to keep their loyal customers, other competitors are taking their customer loyalty slowly since their products offer new things and benefit the user; this is where Nokia needs to improve in. â€Å"1,497 users in Europe and 987 in the US that showed a decline in Nokia’s customer loyalty. The survey found 63% of current Nokia users in Europe, compared to 74% last year, plan to buy another Nokia as their next device; 50% in the US. † -BusinessWeek